Free essays on history are online resources that provide students and researchers with access to written works without any cost. These essays cover various historical events, figures, and ideas that have shaped the world. The topics include ancient civilizations, world wars, social and cultural movements, and politics. They serve as valuable references for students seeking to enhance their knowledge of history or to supplement their research work. The essays are written by professional historians, scholars, and experts who have a vast knowledge of the subject matter. Paperap have made history more accessible and convenient for learners of all levels.
The Peloponnesian War: A Tale of Rival Empires and Shifting Alliances
The Peloponnesian War, which transpired from 431 to 404 BCE, was a significant historical event that consumed the whole of ancient Greece, serving as a battleground for the formidable city-states of Athens and Sparta. The intense and protracted struggle for supremacy in the Mediterranean area had a significant and lasting influence, exerting a profound effect on the trajectory of history for subsequent centuries. The genesis of the Peloponnesian War may be attributed to the precarious equilibrium of power within the…...
War
Unraveling the Causes of the Civil War: A Nation Divided
One of the most formative and seminal events in American history occurred between 1861 and 1865: the American Civil War. It was a bloody war that opposed the Union (the northern states) against the Confederacy (the southern states). Many lives were lost, and the country will never be the same. There was a complicated web of political, economic, social, and ideological elements that led to a country divided, and unraveling that web is essential to understanding the roots of the…...
Civil War
Containment in the Cold War: A Strategy of Restraint and Ideological Confrontation
The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a geopolitical and ideological conflict that dominated world events throughout the majority of the 20th century. The United States developed a strategy known as containment as a result of the rising tensions and worries of nuclear conflict. The term "containment" was first used by diplomat George F. Kennan in 1947 to describe efforts to stop the spread of communism and reduce the power of the Soviet Union by diplomatic, economic, and…...
Cold War
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Sectionalism: Understanding the Divides that Shape a Nation
Sectionalism is a concept deeply rooted in the history and development of nations, including the United States. It refers to the strong loyalty and attachment people feel toward their particular region or section of the country. Such regional divisions often arise due to differences in geography, economy, culture, and political beliefs. Understanding the impacts of sectionalism is crucial for comprehending historical events, conflicts, and even modern-day politics. In this essay, we will delve into the origins of sectionalism in the…...
History
The New England Colonies: Pioneers of American History
The New England Colonies significantly influenced the early formation of the United States and significantly influenced the history, culture, and personality of the country. These colonies have distinct social, economic, and religious traits that date to the 17th century that distinguish them different from one another. The New England Colonies saw economic development and played a crucial role in building the complex and dynamic country that exists today. This is evident everywhere, from Connecticut's rich valleys to Massachusetts' rocky coastlines.…...
History
The Antebellum Period: A Time of Contradictions and Transformation in American History
The antebellum era, which lasted from the late 1800s through the commencement of the Civil War in 1861, was a watershed moment in American history. It was a time of immense paradoxes, with economic expansion and affluence coexisting with the long-standing challenges of slavery and racial inequity. The antebellum period saw tremendous social, political, and economic upheavals that created the framework for the subsequent difficulties and transitions. The fast economic expansion and industrialisation in the United States was a distinguishing…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Stalemates
IGCSE History: World War I – Stalemate The Stalemate: A deadlock is where two opposing armies are locked in continual stalemate and are unable to move. The Trench System: Pros: Protected and sheltered soldiers. Easily defended. Easily built and maintained. Allowed soldiers to shelter for winter. Allowed the use of artillery pieces. Allowed soldiers a chance to rest. Allowed the chance to test new weapons (machine guns and gas). Cons: Immobile and stationary. Prolonged confrontation. This caused problems such as:…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I
"IGCSE History: World War I – Documentary From the documentary '1914-1918': Kaiser Wilhelm II promised to have lunch in Paris and dinner in St. Petersburg. The Germans utilized the Big Bertha for the Battle of Verdun: Huge howitzer. Could fire 820kg shells. As the Germans advanced through Belgium: Citizens fought back. Snipers attacked, inflicting large casualties. This slowed the German advance. The Germans were terrified of sniper attacks: 'Unless they shot first, no one knew where the enemy was,' reports…...
History
IGCSE History: War Kindless
I/GCSE History: War Kindles The risk of war: Reoccupation of the Rhineland occurred in 1936 and was a clear breach of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler took considerable risks: He could expect resistance from the French as he moved his army into the Rhineland. If they did resist by sending troops, their army could potentially outnumber the German army. The German troops were not ready for a war with France. The first troops sent into the Rhineland were ordered to…...
History
IGCSE History Arab-Israeli Conflict
IGCSE History Arab-Israeli Conflict First Arab-Israeli War: 1948-9 Causes When Israel was formed on 14th May 1948, none of the Arab states acknowledged its existence, thus forming a coalition to invade and re-take Palestine. What happened? 14th May 1948, David Ben-Gurion announced the formation of Israel. Arab states (Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria) subsequently invaded with 30,000 troops. The Arab Legion, the most experienced and well-equipped, took over the Old City of Jerusalem. USA. UN cease-fire ordered on 11th June,…...
History
IGCSE History: Hitler’s War
I/GCSE History: Hitler’s War Introduction: Part of the reason why Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan all wanted to grow and annex land was to lift their economies out of the Great Depression. In March 1939, Germany invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia: No resistance from Britain or France. Convinced Britain and France that appeasement had failed: Chamberlain said that 'after this I cannot trust the Nazi leaders again.' On the 31st, Britain declared that it would stand by Poland in the event…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Sir Douglas Haig
IGCSE History: World War I – Sir Douglas Haig Sir Douglas Haig: Alternatively called the Somme Butcher. Strategies: Believed in the policy of attrition. Tactics were clumsy, costly in resources. Believed that defense could not bring victory. Haig's method was the best possible considering that he did not have hindsight or anything else to rely on. His tactics prepared the route to Allied victory. Haig's methods at the Somme achieved: Saving the fortified town of Verdun. Taking the pressure off…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail?
IGCSE History: World War I – Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail? BEF (British Expeditionary Force): 18th August 1914: BEF arrived in France under the command of Sir John French. It had arrived faster than expected. This prompted von Moltke to draw forces from the Eastern Front. The Kaiser thought it was a 'contemptible little army.' It was small but excellently trained. 23rd August 1914: Battle of the Mons. The Germans were slowed. The…...
History
IGCSE History: Big Three
IGCSE History: Big Three The Big Three: The fate of the losers (Central Powers – Germany, Turkey, Hungary, etc.) and Wilson's Fourteen Points were discussed in the Paris Conferences held in January 1919. Referred to the Prime Ministers/Presidents of America, Britain, and France (the victorious countries of WWI) – remember, the formation of the Big Three changes after WWII, do not get confused. All leaders had their own objectives, depending on their degree of hatred of Germany and their views.…...
History
IGCSE History: Reasons for and examples of US support for Israel
IGCSE History: Reasons for and examples of US support for Israel Reasons for US Support for Israel: Sympathy – Jewish survivors of Nazi concentration camps. US-large Jewish population forced the government to support Israel. US felt Israel was a close firm friend in a troubled part of the world/knew that Russia was arming Egypt/Syria. Examples of US Support for Israel: War of 1948-49: Financial aid from the US allowed Israelis to irrigate/cultivate a large amount of the desert. US and…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Reasons for the Gallipoli Campaign
IGCSE History: World War I – Reasons for the Gallipoli Campaign Reasons for the Gallipoli Campaign: Russia was nearing defeat in early 1915 (winter): The only route for British troops to reach her was through the sea of Marmara and Russia's Black Sea ports: All other ports were frozen. If Russia fell, Germany would be greatly strengthened. Turkey needed to be forced from the war: It was allied with Germany. By forcing Turkey from the war, it was possible this…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Recruiting
IGCSE History: World War I – Recruiting Lord Kitchener’s Recruiting Campaign: 2.5 million men, all of whom were young, enlisted. Rifles and uniforms were too few. Men were encouraged to join with their friends: If you joined in a group you stayed in the same group. Some men only joined because of their friends. The new soldiers received amateur training. These training techniques did not keep up with technological developments. The officers came from upper society families: Some had never…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Battle of the Marne
IGCSE History: World War I – Battle of the Marne Battle of the Marne: 3rd September: The Allies launched an offensive at the German flank. Kluck was forced to halt his forces and repel them. 6th September: The Allies launched a ferocious offensive against the Germans. It was fought between the BEF who were allied with the French against the German. Imperial Army commanded by Generals von Kluck and von Bulow. The battle continued for 3 days. The Germans were…...
History
IB History: Cold War Cause – Theory 1
IB History: Cold War Cause – Theory 1 The Cold War began as early as the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution As this is a guide about the Cold War, I won’t go into too much detail about the Bolshevik Revolution. Basically, during World War I, the Russians were facing potential defeat under the rule of Nicholas Tsar. Therefore, the Bolsheviks (a type of Marxist Revolutionists) decided to take matter in their own hands and rallied the support of the citizens to…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Key Events in the War at Sea
IGCSE History: World War I – Key Events in the War at Sea What were the Key Events in the North Sea? British Naval Blockade on Germany: Ordered at the outbreak of the War and started in August 1914. Prevented all ships from entering or leaving German waters. 12 000 ships carrying supplies (oil, food, medical provisions were intercepted.) Only 80 ships slipped through. This caused a serious food shortage in Germany during 1916: Caused riots in German towns. Winter…...
History
IGCSE History: War Kindles
IGCSE History: War Kindles The risk of war: Reoccupation of the Rhineland occurred in 1936 and was a clear breach of the ToV. Hitler took considerable risks: The French were likely to resist his moving troops into the Rhineland. If they did resist by sending troops their army could potentially outnumber the German army. The German troops were not ready for a war with France. The first troops sent into the Rhineland were ordered to retreat if they met with…...
History
Electrical Hazards: Understanding the Dangers of Electricity and Safety Measures
Dangers of Electricity CORE 1 Identify electrical hazards including• damaged insulation,• overheating of cables,• damp conditions. 2 Demonstrate understanding of the use of fuses. SUPPLEMENTARY Demonstrate understanding of the use of circuit-breakers. P1 Identify electrical hazards including damaged insulation,• overheating of cables,• damp conditions. Insulation can be unsafe if it is damaged or if it is wet because impure water will conduct electricity and deliver an electric shock if you were somehow unfortunate enough to encounter one. Overheating can cause…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Documentary
IGCSE History: World War I – Documentary From the documentary ’1914-1918′: Kaiser Wilhelm II promised Paris for lunch and St. Petersburg for dinner. The Germans utilized the Big Bertha for the Battle of Verdun: Huge howitzer. Could fire 820kg shells. As the Germans advanced through Belgium: Citizens fought back. Snipers attacked inflicting large casualties. This slowed the German advance. Sniper attacks were nerve-racking for the Germans: “Unless they shot first no one knew where the enemy was” reports a soldier.…...
History
IGCSE History: the establishment of the Weimar Republic and early problems
IGCSE History: the establishment of the Weimar Republic and early problems The German Revolution [1918] Situation by August 1918: Germans being starved out of the war by British blockades July: the Spring Offensive had failed, and a counter attack by the Allies brought them to the brink of defeat August: Public suffering increased by an influenza sweeping through Europe * 29th Oct: German sailors refuse to set sail -> Influenced by the Russian revolutions in 1917 -> German revolution begins…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Stalemate
IGCSE History: World War I – Stalemate The Stalemate: A deadlock is where two opposing armies are locked in continual stalemate and are unable to move. The Trench System: Pros: Protected and sheltered soldiers. Easily defended. Easily built and maintained. Allowed soldiers to shelter for winder. Allowed the use of artillery pieces. Allowed soldiers a chance to rest. Allowed the chance to test new weapons (machine guns and gas). Cons: Immobile and stationary. Prolonged confrontation. This caused problems such as:…...
History
The Nazi-Soviet Pact: Collaboration and Consequences
Nazi-Soviet Pact Communist beliefs: As a communist Josef Stalin saw fascist and democratic nations as the same; capitalist. He was only concerned with keeping the capitalist nations from uniting against the USSR. As such he was happy to do a deal with either. Stalin believed that capitalist powers were naturally aggressive as was taught by communist writers. Stalin wanted: To make sure that the USSR was on the winning side. To enter the war at the end so that the…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Germany Documentary “1914-18″
IGCSE History: World War I – Germany Documentary "1914-18" “1914-18” Documentary – Episode 6 – Collapse 1918 the Allies and the Germans were at the end of their endurance: French soldiers were beginning to mutiny. Italian civilians were rioting. Russian communist groups were rebelling: The February and October Revolutions having just took place. Europe was running out of fighting men. In Germany: Workers went on strike. Military courts became too powerful: Militarism was spreading. Peasants no longer wished to continue…...
History
IGCSE History: World War I – Battle of the Mons
IGCSE History: World War I – Battle of the Mons Battle of the Mons: The BEF were stationed several miles south of the Belgian mining town of Mons. BEF consisted of 4 infantry divisions and 1 cavalry division. 22nd August 1914: 4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards C squadron sent out two patrols north towards the Soignies. These met with German patrols. 4 German cavalrymen were spotted by the English and killed. 23rd August 1914: BEF set up defensive positions near…...
History
Despair and Fear in Poem Refugee Blues
Despair and Fear in Refugee Blues During the late years of the Second World War, fear and despair were perhaps the most common emotions that the Jewish felt; the Holocaust was in action. Written in 1939 by W. H. Auden, Refugee Blues revolves around a refugee couple; a Jewish man and his wife (however, this is unsure because she is only referred to as “my dear” throughout the poem), fleeing from German soldiers, with survival and freedom as their only…...
History
Unraveling Disarmament: Assessing the Challenges and Failures of the 1932-1933 Conferences
Disarmament Conferences (1932 – 1933) Disarmament Conferences 1932 – 1933 Took place in Geneva, Switzerland Wilson and Roosevelt both believed that peace in Europe could be ensured if all countries disarmed, and therefore included international disarmament in his 14 points. These conferences were an effort to actualize this ideal. Roosevelt: “If all nations will agree wholly to eliminate from possession and use the weapons which make possible a successful attack, defenses automatically will become impregnable and the frontiers and independence…...
History
Mussolini and Italian Fascism: Rise to Power and Key Ideologies
Mussolini Mussolini and Italian Fascism Italy before Mussolini: Many political issues after the conclusion of the Great War: About half a million Italian soldiers had died in the Great War; Italy wanted compensation: This did not occur as they did not get all the land they felt that they were promised. The ToV was known as the mutilated peace. Few had respect for the Italian parliament. 5 governments had been formed between 1919 and 1922 and none succeeded. Divisions between…...
History
Unveiling the Profound Themes in “The Scarlet Letter”
"The Scarlet Letter" by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a literary masterpiece that continues to captivate readers with its intricate portrayal of sin, guilt, redemption, and societal judgment. Set in the Puritan era, this novel weaves a tapestry of themes that delve deep into the human psyche, exploring the complexities of moral ambiguity and the consequences of societal constraints. Join us on a thought-provoking journey as we unravel the profound themes within "The Scarlet Letter," shedding light on its timeless relevance and…...
Romanticism
The Metamorphosis of Cities: Urbanization during the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution, an era of unparalleled transformation, unfolded with sweeping changes that reverberated through society, economy, and technology. Amidst this grand revolution, the phenomenon of urbanization emerged as a powerful force, reshaping the very fabric of cities. In this article, we embark on an extraordinary journey through the labyrinthine depths of urbanization during the Industrial Revolution, uncovering its distinctive causes, intricate impacts, and enduring legacy.Seeds of Change: Igniting the Industrial RevolutionFrom the flickering spark of innovation to the roaring…...
Industrial Revolution
The Dark Legacy of Andrew Jackson: Unveiling the Controversial Actions
Andrew Jackson, the seventh President of the United States, left an indelible mark on the nation's history. However, beneath his charismatic persona and populism lies a controversial legacy overshadowed by a series of questionable actions. In this article, we delve into the darker side of Andrew Jackson's tenure, unveiling the troubling undertakings that have sparked scrutiny and debate among historians. From his policies on Native Americans to his challenges to states' rights and the expansion of executive power, we examine…...
History
Anne Moody: An Unconventional Warrior in the Battle for Civil Rights
Anne Moody, an unconventional force in the fight for civil rights, carved a distinctive path through the tumultuous landscape of racial inequality in America. Born into poverty-stricken Mississippi, her unyielding spirit, unwavering determination, and unconventional methods made her a formidable figure in the struggle for social justice. In this exploration, we delve into the extraordinary life and unique contributions of Anne Moody, celebrating her audacity, unorthodox strategies, and lasting impact on the quest for civil rights. Embracing Disruption: Challenging Conventions…...
History
Unveiling the Ottoman Empire’s Indirect Impact on the Outbreak of World War I
The start of World War I marked a turning point in global history, with a complex interplay of factors contributing to its eruption. While often overshadowed by other key players, the Ottoman Empire played a significant and indirect role in shaping the events that led to the war. Join us on a journey through time as we explore how the Ottoman Empire, through its declining influence, geopolitical rivalries, and strategic decisions, contributed to the tinderbox of tensions that ultimately sparked…...
History
Battle of Tarawa Through Japanese Eyes: Perspectives and Challenges
Battle of Tarawa Through Japanese Eyes: Perspectives and Challenges Introduction: The Battle of Tarawa, a pivotal engagement during World War II, holds a unique perspective when examined through the eyes of the Japanese defenders. This essay explores the battle from the Japanese viewpoint, delving into their motivations, challenges, and the sacrifices they made in their defense of Tarawa. By shedding light on the Japanese perspective, we gain a deeper understanding of the human cost and complexities of war. Motivations and…...
War
The Powerhouse of Progress: Why Did the Industrial Revolution Start in Great Britain?
The Powerhouse of Progress: Why Did the Industrial Revolution Start in Great Britain? Introduction:The Industrial Revolution stands as a transformative period in human history, sparking significant advancements in manufacturing, technology, and societal structures. Yet, the question remains: Why did the Industrial Revolution find its roots in Great Britain? In this post, we delve into the factors that propelled Great Britain to the forefront of this groundbreaking era, exploring its unique combination of resources, inventions, economic conditions, and cultural factors. Abundance…...
History
Unraveling the Threads: Did the U.S. Lose the Vietnam War?
The Vietnam War, a conflict that stretched over two decades, has long been a subject of intense discussion and debate. One question often arises: did the United States lose the Vietnam War? The answer is complex, as it delves into the intricate layers of military strategy, political objectives, and the shifting sands of public opinion. This post aims to explore this question by examining various perspectives.From a purely military standpoint, the U.S. military won most of the direct engagements it…...
Vietnam War
Unraveling the Past: Carpetbaggers and Scalawags in Post-Civil War America
In the tumultuous aftermath of the American Civil War, the landscape of the South was marked by dramatic social, economic, and political change. Two terms that commonly feature in this period's discourse are 'carpetbaggers' and 'scalawags'. They were derogatory labels used to describe certain groups involved in the South's political reconstruction. This post will delve into who these people were and the roles they played during this transformative period.'Carpetbagger' was a term used primarily by Southern Democrats to describe Northerners…...
Civil War
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