Free essays on chemistry are educational resources that allow individuals to learn more about the science of chemistry at no cost. These essays cover a wide range of topics, from basic concepts in chemistry to more complex scientific theories and experiments. They provide insights into the chemical properties of various elements and compounds, the history of chemistry and its contributions to society, and the latest developments in this field. By reading these essays, students can deepen their understanding of chemistry and gain valuable knowledge that can help them in their academic and professional pursuits.
Tensile lab report
Referring from the resultant graph, we can see that the obtained graph line is straight until the one point it decrease gradually and be rupture. This shows that both variables on the graph are linearly related with each other. From the data obtained, we identify types of fracture surface of mild steel under tensile loading. The yield strength was determined to be 165. Mamma. The ultimate strength was determined to be 285. Mamma. Calculation for percentage elongation was determined to…...
ChemistryCivil EngineeringForceMaterialsMechanical EngineeringPhysics
What Is Caffeine Extraction
The following sample essay talks about what caffeine extraction is and how the process takes place. Read the introduction, body and conclusion of the essay, scroll down. Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Jaybee Balilea, Sharmaine Baysic, and Maria Anjelette Patricia Belen 3BIO7, Department of Biology, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines Abstract Extraction is a technique for isolating and purifying organic substances. In this technique, a solution is combined thoroughly with a second solvent that is immiscible with the…...
AddictionCaffeineChemistryMaterialsWater
Buffer Definition And Meaning
A buffer is a special solution that stops massive changes in pH levels. Every buffer that is made has a certain buffer capacity, and buffer range. The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added before the pH begins to change significantly. It can be also defined as the quantity of strong acid or base that must be added to change the pH of one liter of solution by one pH unit. The buffer range…...
ChemistryNaturePhRain
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Types of Rocks.
Types of Rocks Geologists classify rocks in three groups, according to the major Earth processes that formed them. The three rock groups are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Anyone who wishes to collect rocks should become familiar with the characteristics of these three rock groups. Knowing how a geologist classifies rocks is important if you want to transform a random group of rock specimens into a true collection. Igneous rocks are formed from melted rock that has cooled and solidified.…...
GeologyMaterialsNatural Resources
To find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea
The aim of my experiment is to find out how light intensity affects the rate of photosynthesis in elodea (pondweed). To do this I will place the light intensity to various distances and observe the amount of oxygen bubble given off from the reactionPrediction:I predict that as the light intensity changes the rate of photosynthesis will increases of decreases dependent on the amount of light intensity. This will be observed by counting the amount of oxygen bubble given off from…...
BiologyCarbon DioxideChemistryPhotosynthesisWater
Water’s Unique Characteristics
The following sample essay on "Water's Unique Characteristics" talks about the unusual abilities of water. We will talk about adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. Water, with its unusual bonding to hydrogen, is an invaluable resource to the Earth, wildlife, and the environment. Due to water's hydrogen bonding, it has developed many unique characteristics that many other liquids do not possess. Some of these characteristics are the following: adhesion, cohesion, and surface tension. These three characteristics alone allow for the attachment…...
ChemistryDensityEvaporationHydrogenMaterialsNature
Infrared and Ultraviolet Light
Name: Tutor: Course: Date: Infrared and Ultraviolet Light Infrared Light Infrared light is a form of electromagnetic radiation whose wavelengths are longer compared to visible light. The electromagnetic spectrum exhibits a vast range of wavelengths spanning from highly energetic gamma rays and short wavelengths to low-energy radio waves and long wavelengths. The visibility of this spectrum is extremely small. Infrared light is similar to normal light only that it has a longer wavelength thus making it impossible to see with…...
ChemistryLightPhysics
Fractional Distillation Organic Lab Report
If such ideal conditions are not possible as is usually the case”then simple distillation can be applied as long as he liquid in question is composed of compounds that differ in volatility such that their boiling points differ by at least 40 to 50 degrees Celsius. Because the very essence of simple distillation is relies upon the idea that more volatile compounds have lower boiling points and thus when heated to this boiling point will occupy most if not all…...
ChemistryManufacturingMaterialsPhysicsThermodynamics
Investigatory Project Homemade Bouncy Polymer
One might think that chemists are a bunch of boring scientists who wear lab coats and look at beakers all day, but did you know that many toys you play with are made using chemistry?Some of your favorite toys like Gak, Slime and Silly Putty started out as chemistry experiments. In fact, some of your favorite toys may have been invented by chemists who work for toy companies like: Crayola, Play-Doh or Mattell. Chemistry is the study of matter, and…...
ChemistryDensityEducationEnergyHomeLearning
Copper Iron Stoichiometry Lab Report
The two possible balanced reactions are - Cuscus (aqua) + Fee(s) Cue(s) + Feces (aqua) [I] cuscus (aqua) + fee(s) ICC(s) + [II] Through the possible reactions, one of the best way to determine which one is the correct reaction pertaining to the lab is limiting reagent analysis, where mass of copper is quantitatively determined or by observations. Through the process of weighing by difference as suggested by the lab manual, anhydrous copper sulfate and iron powder were weighed out.…...
Chemical ReactionChemistryMaterials
Termite Lab Report
To test the behavior f termites in relation with the presence of ink, we outlined two shapes with two different writing utensils and timed how long out of a sixty second time period that the termite spent on each path. The results showed that termites spend a substantially longer amount of time following the path of an ink pen than paths made from other writing utensils. The tested termites spent an average amount of 26. 9 out of 60 seconds…...
CommunicationExperimentMean
Chemical Bonding
Chemical compounds are formed by the joining of two or more atoms. A stable compound occurs when the total energy of the combination has lower energy than the separated atoms. The bound state implies a net attractive force between the atoms ... a chemical bond. The two extreme cases of chemical bonds are: Covalent bond: bond in which one or more pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms. Ionic bond: bond in which one or more electrons from one…...
ChemistryMaterialsPhysics
Biology Beetroot Lab Report
Lastly carbohydrate molecules of the membrane are relatively short-chain polysaccharides, which has multiple functions, for example, ell-cell recognition and acting as receptor sites for chemical signals. The plasma membrane is a permeable membrane. An important role of the plasma membrane is to maintain the integrity of the cell, holding the cell contents together. Membrane permeability is a quality of the cell's plasma membrane which allows certain substances to pass while forming a barrier against others, controlling exchanges between the cell…...
BiologyCarbohydrateCell MembraneChemistryExperimentWater
Chemistry Lab Report Conductimetric
The aim of this experiment it to analyze the solution of Baa(OH)2 of an unknown concentration. In order to obtain the quantitative analysis, the exact amount of a particular compound or element present in sample, two procedures were performed. The first procedure was by conductivities titration and by gravimetric determination. The conductivity was analyzed during the reaction between the sulfuric acid (HOSES) and barium hydroxide (Baa(OH)2). Through the conductivity, the equivalence point can be determined; from there, the concentration of…...
Chemistry
Lab Report on Ideal Gas Law
We then poured the water back into the test tube and placed the tube into the bucket with the opening upwards, turning the open end downwards after the tube was fully submerged beneath he surface. We then placed the canister directly below the opening of the test tube, and released the gas so that the bubbles rose into the test tube. Next, we used a cork whose head was larger than the opening of the test tube to block off…...
ChemistryMechanical EngineeringPhysicsPressure
Melting Point Lab
What is Melting Point? one of the characteristic physical properties of a solid What is Melting Point used for? to characterize a known compound (if you had to choose between several known compounds) to record a physical characteristic for a new compound (important for comparison between compounds) to establish purity of a known compound (if an experiment reliably forms this known compound OR if you are taking a melting point of a known compound) What kind of compounds will melt…...
ChemistryFlashcardsHeatMaterialsPhysicsThermodynamics
Air Pollution Essay
Blacksmith Institute World's Worst Polluted Places report. [l] An air pollutant is known as a substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment. Pollutants can be in the form of solid particles, liquid droplets, or gases. In addition, they may be natural or man-made. [2] Pollutants can be classified as primary or secondary. Usually, primary pollutants are directly emitted from a process, such as ash from a volcanic eruption, the carbon monoxide gas from a…...
Air PollutionChemistryGreenhouse GasMaterialsNatural GasPollution
Mechanical Weathering Explanation
What is mechanical weathering ? when physical forces break rock into smaller and smaller pieces without changing the rocks mineral composition What is frost wedging ? when water freezes and expands it enlarges the cracks after many freeze thaw cycles the rocks break into pieces when water freezes its volume __ increases Which of the following is NOT associated with mechanical weathering ? reactions with oxygen What is chemical weathering ? Is the transformation of rock into one or more…...
ChemistryFlashcardsGeologyMaterialsNatural EnvironmentNatural Resources
Cause and Effects of Global Warming
We all know that it is bad but because most people don’t know what to do to help their environment. Well its the simple things like recycling and reducing your carbon-foot print. All these things if each person contributes we can make a better world not just for us but for our children and our grandchildren. Cause and Effects of Global Warming Global warming it’s the increase in the average temperature on Earth. Temperature on earth is controlled by the…...
Carbon DioxideChemistryClimate ChangeGlobal WarmingHistoryNatural Environment
Physics IA bouncing ball
1. Put the ruler perpendicular to the flat surface. 2. Place the ruler in the arm of the metal stand and secure it tight so that the ruler can stay still; it must be perpendicular to the surface and parallel to the stand. 3. Grab the rubber ball and place it with one hand besides the 10cm mark in the ruler. 4. With the other hand have the chronometer in 0 seconds and be ready because as you are going to release the…...
ExperimentPhysicsTime
EDCI Assignment 3
Chapter 1 Chemistry 1201/1202 Give the chemical symbol or name for the following elements, as appropriate: (a) sulfur, (b) magnesium, (c) potassium, (d) chlorine, (e) copper, (f) F, (g) Ni, (h) Na, (i) Al, (j)Si Question 1.13 Make the following conversions: (a) 62 degree Farenheit to Celsius, (b) 216.7 degree Celsius (c) 233 degrees Celsius to Kelvin, (d) 315 K to degrees Farenheit (e) 2500 degrees Farenheit to Kelvin. Question 1.25 Round each of the following numbers to four significant…...
ChemistryEnergyHeatMaterialsPhysics
Proper Waste Disposal and Waste Mangement
Very special thanks to my fellow classmates who have been readers to my research paper and who have pointed Out my mistakes. Would like to thank them for exchanging ideas with me and for helping me deal with the arduous publishing process of paper. I doubt that I won’t be able to express my appreciation to them fully, but I owe them all my gratitude. I would also like to acknowledge my friends for being the ones who have motivated…...
ManufacturingMaterialsRecyclingResearchWasteWaste Management
Background information about waste disposal practices
A primary objective of waste management today is to protect the public and the environment from potentially harmful effects of waste. Some waste materials are normally safe, but can become hazardous if not managed properly. For example, 1 gal (3. 75 1) of used motor oil can potentially contaminate one million gal (3,790,000 1) of drinking water . Every individual, business, or organization must make decisions and take some responsibility regarding the management of his or her waste. On a…...
IndustryManufacturingMaterialsPollutionRecyclingWaste Management
Compare and Contrast the Pharisees and Sadducees
All religions over the ages have been comprised of subgroups maintaining differing beliefs, apparently these contrasting beliefs becoming more aggressive as time progresses. From church splits to outright sects, religious groups all seem to be subject to this division of beliefs, Judaism being no exception. Within Judaism over the centuries many differing beliefs have formed, discredited and accepted. This essay will compare and contrast two particular groups in the context of first century Palestine, the Pharisees and the Sadducees. The…...
ContrastCultureJudaism
Compare and Contrast Modern Conservatism and Modern Liberalism
Compare and Contrast Modern Conservatism and Modern Liberalism Modern liberalism and modern conservatism are both extremely centrist ideologies, “In fact, US conservatism comes out of classical liberalism so the modern versions of both ideologies share deep philosophical roots” (Guide, pg. 1). These roots date back to the 17th century, extending into the early 20th century. To fully understand American politics, it is a key to understand the dominant ideologies. It is also crucial to analyze the differences and similarities between…...
ConservatismContrastGovernmentLiberalismLifePolitical Science
Product and Purification and Infrared spectrum of trimyristin
Trimyristin is one member of a class of triglycerides which is found in animals' fatty tissues and vegetable or marine oils. It can dissolve in organic compound such as hot acetone readily as it is a non-polar compound. After the isolation of tirmyristin from nutmeg seed by solvent extraction followed by recrystallizaiton, the present of functional groups in organic molecules can be identified by infrared spectroscopy. Infrared spectroscopy is one of the most useful tools available to the organic chemist as…...
ChemistryMaterials
Nitrosyl Complexes: Preparation
The aims of this experiment are as followed: 1) To distinguish between the linear and bent coordination and draw possible metal to NO coordination modes. 2) To form the product [NiBr (NO) (PPh3)2] and provide a balanced equation for the product. 3) To record the melting point, weight and infra-red spectrum of the product. Assign the band in the infra-red that is due to NO group. Calculate the percentage yield 4) To assign the oxidation state to the metal in…...
ChemistryMaterials
Surface Tension Of Water
The capillary rise method was used to measure the surface tension of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and acetic acid. Molar concentrations of 0. 5 M and 1. 0 M for each solution were tested. The results were then compared to the surface tension of pure water to observe how solute properties affect the surface tension of water. The experimental results showed that adding acetic acid solute in water lowers the surface tension of water. As the concentration of acetic…...
ChemistryConcentrationExperimentForceMaterialsNature
Determining the Molecular Weight of a Volatile Liquid
The following sample essay on Determining the Molecular Weight of a Volatile Liquid. In today's society, many products are designed to undergo many chemical reactions before the desired product(s) is created. This principle, also known as chemical synthesis, is an integral part in the operation of products such as an automobile airbag. Beginning with the releasing of nitrogen gas to inflate the bag and ending with the production of Na2SiO3 and K2SiO3, the airbag is an excellent example of how…...
Chemical ReactionChemistryCopperMaterialsSodiumWater
The Lambda Protocol Physics Investigation
This experiment is designed to produce DNA bound in gel to fragment according to the restriction enzyme used to cut it up and to the sizes of these subsequent fragments. The aim of this experiment is to produce a DNA fragmentation, which will be of known sizes because the entirety of the DNA genome has been mapped. So running D NA alongside other DNA will allow the size of the other DNA to be found. Prediction: As in the experiment…...
BiologyBiotechnologyChemistryGeneticsPhysics
Cation Identification by Flame Test
Title: Flame Test Aim: To determine the cation in each of the unknown substance X, Y and Z by observing the flame colour of different metal compounds. Introduction: A distinctive feature of many s-block metals is their ability to produce flame colours. At temperature of a Bunsen flame, a compound will decompose to give gaseous atoms of its constituent elements. When an electron in the gaseous atom absorbs energy from the flame, it will move from an orbital with lower…...
ChemistryMaterialsSodium
Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
Agric -illuvial horizon formed under cultivation-significant amounts of illuvial silt, clay and humus-directly below Ap horizon-thickness of 10cm or greater Albic -eluvial horizon that is lightly colored and low in clay and oxides (leaching)-1cm or greater-separate horizons that, if they were together, would meet requirements for a mollie epipedon or separate lamellae that together would be an argillic horizon Anhydritic -anhydrite accumulation through neoformation and transformation-hue of 5Y, chroma (moist and dry) of 1 or 2, and value of 7…...
ChemistryMaterialsNatural ResourcesResources
India: Dumping Ground for Developed Countries?
In the late 1980s, a tightening of environmental regulations in industrialized countries led to a dramatic rise in the cost of hazardous waste disposal. Searching for cheaper ways to get rid of the wastes, “toxic traders” began shipping hazardous waste to developing countries and to Eastern Europe. When this activity was revealed, international outrage led to the drafting and adoption of the Basel Convention. During its first Decade (1989-1999), the Convention was principally devoted to setting up a framework for…...
CancerManufacturingMaterialsPlasticPollutionRecycling
The final product
Abstract: In this experiment three Werner complexes, hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride, pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) chloride and hexaamminenickel(II) chloride were synthesized so their structural formula could be examined through magnetic susceptibility, electronic conductance measurements and the analysis of free chloride in the two cobalt complexes through titrations of silver nitrate. Cobalt (III) coordination compounds usually only form in low spin, octahedral complexes where the all t2g are paired leaving all the eg unpaired; whereas nickel(II) complexes are usually formed in the high spin state1. Through…...
ChemistryMaterials
Synthesis of chloropentaaminecobalt(lll) chloride
Insert the tube into the MSB and take a mental average of the fluctuating reading. 5. Repeat the previous step three times. 6. If the MSB displays a negative number, the coordination complex is diamagnetic and no further steps are necessary. 7. Determine how many unpaired electrons reside on the cobalt. E. Interpreting Infrared Spectrum 1. Assign the bands of the infrared spectrum of the complex. Results A. Synthesizing Carbonatotetraamminecobalt (III) nitrate: [Co(NH3)4CO3]NO3 The first attempt to dissolve the…...
ChemistryMaterialsPhysicsWater
Empire of the Sun: Life for Jim in Shanghai and the Camps
The following sample essay on Empire of the Sun:“Compare and contrast life for Jim in Shanghai and the camps and how these settings hurt or helped Jim’s survival. ” Living and growing up as a foreigner in Shanghai, life for Jim was very easy and luxurious until he was captivated and taken hostage in a war camp. There, his lifestyle turned 180 degrees, which taught Jim many lessons, both good and bad. We can tell a lot about Jim's former…...
ContrastFatherLifeLifestyleReasonSurvival
Albedo and Earth’s Temperature
The term "albedo" refers to the absorption of radiation False Without an atmosphere, the earth's temperature would be a frigid -100 degrees Celsius False Over the past 400,000 years, CO2 abundances in Earth's atmosphere have varied in correlation with Earth's temperature True Molecules are called 'greenhouse gases' if they Absorb infrared radiation, but are transparent to visible light. Global warming and anthropogenic climate change are terms that refer to the same environmental issue, specifically the alteration of Earth's surface temperature…...
ChemistryClimateEarthPhysicsSun
The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy
In this lab, our task is to determine how different degrees of temperature affect reaction rates. A Swedish chemist, named Svante Arrhenius discovered the relationship between temperature and reaction rate. In finding this relationship a new equation was formed called the Arrhenius Equation: Reaction rate constant k = A e -Ea/RT The factor A represents the frequency of collisions between two molecules in the proper orientation for reactions to occur. The value of A is determined by experiment and will be different for…...
ChangeChemical ReactionChemistryPhysics
Lost Foam Casting
LOST FOAM CASTING --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT: The Report presents some theoretical and practical aspects regarding the casting of alloys in lost foam moulds. The stages of the procedure, the economic benefits and several ecological aspects are synthetically presented. KEY WORDS: casting, alloys, lost foam process, Expanded polystyrene --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Introduction The lost foam casting process offers several advantages over conventional sand casting processes, such as simplified production techniques and reduced environmental waste due to binder system emissions and sand disposal. The process…...
ChemistryIndustryManufacturingMaterialsMechanical EngineeringPlastic
Tungsten in light bulbs
The reason for tungsten's unusually high melting point is that potassium was located in small bubbles in the tungsten. It is these potassium bubbles which provide the wire with its unique high temperature creep resistance. Potassium is essentially insoluble in the tungsten. The bubbles are first formed from the doped powder in the pure tungsten during sintering. Sintering is a process that takes place when they make the tungsten wire. When they are making the wire these initial bubbles…...
ChemistryMaterials
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