Essays on Materials

The sample paper on Caco3 Hcl familiarizes the reader with the topic-related facts, theories, and approaches. Scroll down to read the entire paper.Introduction: The experiment taking place is between calcium carbonate [CaCO3] and hydrochloric acid [HCl]. Calcium carbonate, also known as marble, is a metamorphic rock. This is a rock that is formed over long periods of time under high temperature and pressure. It is also formed when carbon dioxide reacts with calcium hydroxide to produce calcium carbonate. Calcium hydroxide…...

This sample of an academic paper on Determination Of Water Hardness reveals arguments and important aspects of this topic. Read this essay's introduction, body paragraphs and the conclusion below.ABSTRACT The average concentration of CaCO3 obtained was 212 ppm, with a standard deviation of 1 ppt. The results indicate that the unk B tap water can be considered as hard water. INTRODUCTION Hard water is due to metal ions (minerals) that are dissolved in the ground water. These minerals include Ca…...

The essay sample on Caffeine Extraction From Tea dwells on its problems, providing a shortened but comprehensive overview of basic facts and arguments related to it. To read the essay, scroll down.Extraction of Caffeine from Tea Leaves Marc Tugaoen, Kristine Vanzuela, Rafael Villanueva, Justeen Wong Department of Chemistry, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines Abstract This experiment has been divided into 4 set-ups, first was the solid-liquid extraction, next was the liquid-liquid extraction, then the sublimation and last was the…...

This sample paper on Standardization Of Potassium Permanganate Lab Report Discussion offers a framework of relevant facts based on recent research in the field. Read the introductory part, body, and conclusion of the paper below.Introduction: In this experiment, it is a redox titration method to standardize a solution of potassium manganate(VII) by an iron(II) salt (ammonium iron(II) sulphate). So, the word of redox is related to the oxidation and reduction. Oxidation numbers describe the number of electrons the atom will…...

This sample paper on Composition Of A Mixture Lab Report offers a framework of relevant facts based on recent research in the field. Read the introductory part, body, and conclusion of the paper below.In order to operate the iron from the mixture, take a bar magnet inside of a Copilot bag, and swirl it through the mixture. 5. The iron will stick to the magnet, and lift the magnet out of the mixture. All iron in the mixture should be…...

The following sample essay on Synthesis Of Triphenylmethanol discusses it in detail, offering basic facts and pros and cons associated with it. To read the essay's introduction, body and conclusion, scroll down.A Grinded reagent is a type of ergonomically, which consists of a bond twine a metal and a carbon. There are three types of carbon-metal bonds: ionic, polar covalent, and covalent. The ionic bonded compounds (example: RNa) have a weak bond between the carbon and the metal, and are…...

This sample essay on Boiled Lipase And Unboiled Lipase provides important aspects of the issue and arguments for and against as well as the needed facts. Read on this essay's introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.AIM: Lipases hydrolize fats into glycerol and fatty acids1, therefor to investigate how different amount (1 cm3, 2 cm3, 4 cm3, 8 cm3, 12 cm3, 20 cm3) of 3% lipase solutions break down the fat in 5 cm3 of milk.RESEARCH QUESTION: how fast can different amount…...

This sample essay on How Do Fossil Fuels Affect The Environment provides important aspects of the issue and arguments for and against as well as the needed facts. Read on this essay's introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.Describe and explain how the use of Fossil fuels may affect the environment and discuss measures, which could be taken to reduce the harmful consequences Fossil fuels include gasoline, oil, coal, or natural gas. Whenever we burn them, more pollutant gases are emitted into…...

This sample essay on Photosynthesis Lab Report Example provides important aspects of the issue and arguments for and against as well as the needed facts. Read on this essay's introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.The following terms were used in this experiment – Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to chemical energy and storing it in the bonds of sugar. This process occurs in plants and some algae. Plants need only light energy, CO, and H2O to make…...

This sample of an academic paper on Hypothetical Essay reveals arguments and important aspects of this topic. Read this essay's introduction, body paragraphs and the conclusion below.Optimum temperature for the enzymatic activity of salivary amylase ranges from ICC to 37 co and its optimum H ranges from 6 to 7. Graph of the time reciprocal against temperature and pH both produced bell-shaped curves. Introduction The chemical reactions occurring in living things are controlled by enzymes. An enzyme is a protein…...

The sample essay on Hess Cycle deals with a framework of research-based facts, approaches, and arguments concerning this theme. To see the essay's introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion, read on.The main idea behind this experiment is to find out the temperature difference between the room temperature and the final temperature. Sodium carbonate, sodium hydrogencarbonate and hydrochloric acid were used in this experiment. Sodium carbonate, also known as soda ash is got from the reaction of carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide…...

The following sample essay on Chlorophyll B Molar Mass discusses it in detail, offering basic facts and pros and cons associated with it. To read the essay's introduction, body and conclusion, scroll down.The polar absorbent material in the column separated the different pigments by allowing the least polar molecules to travel through the column faster than the more polar molecules. The different pigment layers were collected, dried, and their weights were recorded. џ-carotene was the least polar molecule, and it…...

This sample paper on Why Is Cotton Wool A Good Insulator offers a framework of relevant facts based on recent research in the field. Read the introductory part, body, and conclusion of the paper below.Plan: The factor I will be changing is the type of insulator. The factor I will be recording is the temperature of the water in degrees for a total of six minutes. To record the temperature I will use a thermometer. The factors I will keep…...

Witting discovered the route to alikeness through yield molecules (1). Witting was educated originally at Tubing; Witting spent periods at Brainwashing, Prefigure, back to Tubing again before taking up the post as director of the organic chemistry department at Heidelberg (1 Witting became an emeritus professor in 1967, where he remained until the end of his notable career (1). In 1967, he won the Otto Hahn Prize, and in 1979, he and Herbert C. Brown were jointly awarded the Nobel…...

What is plastic? A material that contains one or more organic polymers of large molecular weight, solid in its finished state and at some state while manufacturing or processing into finished articles, can be shaped by its flow. Types of plastics 1. Thermosets. 2. Elastomers. 3. Thermoplastics. NATURAL RESINS solids or semi solid materials light yellow to darkbrown in colour carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. globules on the bark . SYNTHETIC RESINS derived primarily from petroleum. polystyrene, polyesters and acrylics sed…...

This allows for quantitative analysis of the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution. It makes use of the naturalization reaction that occurs between acids and bases and the knowledge of how acids and bases will react if their formulas are known. Acid-base titration can also be used to find percent purity of chemicals. When a weak acid reacts with a weak base, the equivalence point solution will be basic if the base is stronger and acidic if the…...

The yeast breaks down sugars in the dough through glycoside and alcohol fermentation and produces a small amount of AT P, will also release carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide produced by alcoholic fermentation causes the dough to rise. Carbon dioxide is made by yeast as a waste product and the quantity of carbon dioxide is a sign of growth. Yeast organisms’ size and quick reproduction make them great for testing different factors such as temperature, which is what will be…...

The reactant an enzyme acts on is referred to the enzyme’s substrate. The enzyme will combine with or to its substrate. While the two are joined, the substrate is converted to its product by catalytic action of the enzyme. There is an active site of the enzyme molecule which is a restricted region that actually attaches to the substrate. Usually the active site is formed by only a few of the enzyme’s amino acids, the rest is just the framework…...

The purpose of this experiment is to determine the concentration of odium hydroxide solution by titration against the primary standard, ethanedioic acid-2-water.IntroductionTitration is a method of analysis that to determine the precise endpoint of a reaction. In a titration, solution was run from a burette into a definite volume of another solution in a conical flask. 1 or 2 drops od suitable indicator (phenolphthalein) is added to indicate the end point. The end point is the stage at which two…...

The molecular formula represents the number of all elements in a compound. The empirical is the simplest whole number ratio of the elements in that compound. Combustion reactions always involve oxygen and are almost always exothermic. Exothermic reactions give off energy in heat form. The purpose of this experiment is to find the empirical formula of a compound using whole numbers. To investigate this experiment, the masses of the metal and gas were measured to obtain the empirical formula of…...

The experiments tested yeast respiration in both, warm water at 42 degrees Celsius and at room temperature. The outcome of the experiment indicates the warm water is optimal for yeast respiration in comparison to cold water. Introduction Respiration is the process that converts sugar known as glucose to energy, in this case TAP (Adenosine Troposphere). This process is found in all living organisms. Respiration can occur in two ways, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration requires oxygen to produce energy. Anaerobic…...

At first read article about money and life here. Problem: What is the effect of 7th generation detergent on mung beans. How will the 7th generation detergent affect the mung beans. Background research: The detergent I used was the 7th generation only 5% on mung beans. Doing this research we used 10 mung beans but in the end only 9 grew and 1 didn?™t grow. Focus On: 1. We are choosing liquid detergents because we wanted to see the outcome…...

Study Guide 3/1/11 1. Describe the three parts of a nucleotide and how they bond to form a nucleotide. The three parts of a necleotide are a carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. The carbon sugars bond to the phosphate groups by covalent bonds while the nitrogenous base bonds with it’s compliment by hydrogen bonds. 2. Summarize the role of covalent bonds and hydrogen bonds in the structure of DNA. The role of covalent and hydrogen are…...

Strength of Acid and Alkali, Reacting Masses, Volumetric AnalysisIn which of the following cases may it obtain a complete neutralization?(1)25.0 cm3 of 0.120 M sulphuric acid and 50cm3of 0.120M sodium hydroxide solution(2)50.cm3 of 0.5 M Sodium hydroxide and 0.025 moles of aqueous ammonium chloride(3)20.0cm3 of 0.100M phosphoric acid and 30.0cm3 of 0.200 M potassium hydroxide solution(4)Dissolve 0.2025g of solid sodium hydroxide in water and make up to 250cm3 of solution, then 25.0cm3 of this solution is added to 50.0cm3 of…...

Several mechanical properties of materials that are important in design are ascertained by applying tension, compression or shear load on the material.   Of the three, the most common mechanical stress-strain tests are performed in tension (Callister, 1997).  When performing tensile tests, the load and elongation are measured in relation to the cross-sectional area or original length of the material (before the elongation).  These geometric factors are normalized to the respective parameters of engineering stress and engineering strain. When a specimen…...

Seaways An exhaust gas scrubber has been installed on-board the DFDS vessel Ficaria Seaways to reduce emission of SOx. The main environmental concern with emissions of SOx , which leads to formation of acid raid and production of ultrafine particles in the atmosphere, some of these particles are born by the wind to land and can penetrate human lungs. These ultrafine particles are created when SO2 comes in contact with the oxygen in the air and oxidizes into SO3. To…...

Research Question: What is the percent composition of Copper and Zinc in a positive penny? Aim: The purpose is to determine the percent composition of Zinc and Copper metals in a post-1983 penny with the use of HCI. Variables: Independent Variable: percent composition of Zinc. Dependent Variable: percent composition of Copper. Controlled Variable: Military of HCI, and year tot penny. Apparatus: Beaker Goggles penny Distilled Water Method: Note that HCI is an acid and must be cautious around this acid…...

Proof of the Alcohol Solution: (Percent of Alcohol Based on Volume) (2) = Proof of the Alcohol Solution = (17. 6 96) (2) = 35. 2 Conclusion The experiment was very successful. The experiment went exactly as planned in all three parts. In part I and II of the lab, density of ethanol and water was calculated. The density of water was . 907 g/ml and the density of ethanol was . 724 g/ml. Since the density of ethanol is…...

Our objective for the Sherlock Holmes Experiment was to illustrate that some chemicals can be identified or differentiated by simple chemical tests, such as solubility, pH, or color tests. In our group we had to test come common powders such as Alkali-Seltzer, baking soda, flour, Vitamin C (ascorbic acid), and salt. Other chemicals that were used to do this experiment were vinegar, and Iodine 2 Solution. The equipment used to do this experiment was red litmus paper, and 5 test…...

Which in turn would give lower liters per mole ratio and State that there is less H2O gas then there actually is. Molar Volume Calculation for distorted trial one ;0. 011 L H2O = IS. Mm/L (4. 9 x 10-4 -e . 0002 mol of distortion) 7. A different student fails to insert the stopper into the flask while determining the available volume of the 125 ml flask. What effect does this error has on the calculated molar volume? Mathematically…...

Liquid is usually confined in a container, so its volume is relative to the volume of its container There are various instruments that are used to accurately measure the density of substances; the most commonly used are the densitometers, viscometer and hydrometers [3]. In this experiment, the density of selected liquid samples will be measured using a viscometer. 1. 2 Objectives of the Experiment 1 . To determine the density of low boiling point liquid samples by measuring their mass…...

Lipids are ‘a large and varied group of organic compounds, (3) ‘which are insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether.’ (7). The molecules contain atoms of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen. ‘The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms is always greater than 2:1.’ (2)’Triglycerides are fats and oils and are made when glycerol form condensation reactions with three fatty acids to produce ester bonds.’ (2). At 20�C fats are solids whereas oils are liquids. One…...

Introduction: Copper(II) iodate(V) ionizes weakly in water: Cu(IO3)2 + aq Cu2+(aq) + 2IO3-(aq) For a saturated solution of copper(II) iodate(V), concentration of IO3- ions doubles that of the Cu2+ (aq) ions, and Ksp of Cu(IO3)2(s) can be calculated by determining the concentration of Cu2+(aq) ion of a saturated Cu(IO3)2(aq). The e. m. f. of a galvanic cell consisting of a Zn(s)/Zn2+(aq) half-cell and another half-cell containing a copper strip in contact with a saturated solution of Cu(IO3)2(aq) is measured by…...

In this lab, the purpose is to measure whether the changes of substrate concentration will affect the rate of anaerobic respiration. Because the rate of reaction refers to how quickly the reactants are used up or how quickly the products are formed, one method is to measure the volume of gas given off, the more gas given off per time interval results faster reactions. Question: Will the changes in substrate concentration affect the rate of anaerobic reaction? Why or why…...

In this experiment, we aimed to extract caffeine from the tea leaves in the tea bags provided beginning with a lid-liquid extraction method and then a liquid-liquid extraction. Extraction techniques are used to isolate and remove particular compounds form another substance. For both solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction techniques, solvents should be chosen by their miscibility in water (should be immiscible), they should have relatively low boiling points for faster and easier extraction, and they should be enervative with the other…...

In 1835, the French chemist Charles Thilorier was the first man to discover dry ice. One day he opened a very large container of liquid carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide would quickly evaporate, which left a solid dry ice in the bottom of the container. For the next 60 years, dry ice was observed in university laboratories. Dry ice is a solid form of carbon dioxide. Dry ice changes directly from a solid to a gas. This process is known…...

If one can tell if a planet has oxygen on it based on its bright line spectra, research could be done to tell if people can live on the planet or not. This would be a huge advance in science if it was possible to tell if people can live on other planets by knowing the elements on the other planets. This would solve the problem of the world becoming over-populated and would help prevent the spread of disease. Introduction-…...

I concentrated HCI (drops) Discussion Bunsen burner Most chemical synthesis involves separation and purification of the desired product from unwanted side products. Some methods of separation, such as filtration, sedimentation, declaration, extraction, and sublimation were discussed earlier. This experiment is designed as a quantitative evaluation of your individual laboratory skills in carrying out some of these operations. At the same time you will become more acquainted faith two fundamental types of chemical reactions redo reactions and metathesis (double-displacement) sections. By…...

Hess’ Law of Heat Summation Hess’ Law states that: “The enthalpy change for any reaction depends  on the products and reactants and is independent  of the pathway or the number of steps between  the reactant and product”. BASICALLY:    Hess’ Law states “the heat evolved or absorbed in     a chemical process is the same whether the process     takes place in one or in several steps”     ­­;This is also known as the “law of constant heat summation”. All it means is that no matter how many steps the chemical     reaction proceeds through, the total heat evolved or absorbed    is the added heat values of each step and will always be    a constant figure for that process. For example:     When phosphoric acid (a tri­hydrogen acid) is neutralized     with a base, the hydrogens are neutralised in 3 steps:    STEP 1:   H3P04 + NaOH ­; NaH2PO4 + H2O ­gives X amount of heat     STEP 2:   NaH2PO4 + NaOH ­; Na2HPO4 + H2O ­gives Y amount of heat    STEP 3:   Na2PO4 + NaOH ­; Na3PO4 +H2O ­gives Z amount of heat    Therefore, the total heat of reaction (   Hrxn) is equal to: Law Of Constant Heat Summation There are two (2) ways to calculate the heat of reaction  using Hess’ Law: 1­  Equation Method (Algebraic Method) 2­  Heat of Formation Method (Summation Method) Equation (Algebraic) Method Strategy:    ­add equations for reactions with known enthalpies     so that their net result is the desired reaction Sample Problem 1: Use the equations below to determine the enthalpy of reaction for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: H2O2(l)         H2O(l)    +    1/2 O2(g) The equations are: 1­    H2(g)   +   O2(g)       H2O2(l)    2­    H2(g)   +   1/2 O2(g)      H2O(l) Hf = ­188 kJ Hf = ­286 kJ Solution: Sample Problem 2: Use the following equations: 1­    1/2 N2(g)   +   3/2 H2(g)       NH3(g) 2­    1/2 N2(g)   +   O2(g)     NO2(g) 3­    H2(g)   +   1/2 O2(g)     H2O(g) Hf = ­46. 0 kJ Hf = +34. 0 kJ Hf = ­242. 0 kJ to calculate the enthalpy of reaction for: 4 NH3(g)   +   7 O2(g)        4 NO2(g)   +   6 H2O(g) Solution: Practice Problem: Calculate the heat of reaction for the oxidation of one mole of ethanol to ethanoic acid: C2H5OH(l)   +   O2(g)         CH3COOH(l)   +   H2O(l) Use the equations below: ­    C2H5OH(l)   +   3 O2(g)          2 CO2(g)   +   3 H2O(l) 2­    CH3COOH(l)   +   2 O2(g)         2 CO2(g)   +   2 H2O(l) Hc = ­1367 kJ Hc = ­874 kJ Enthalpy of Formation  (Summation) Method Standard Molar Enthalpy of Formation: (             ) ­the amount of ____ (absorbed or released) when _________ of   a compound is formed from its _________________ in their  standard states ­most enthalpies of formation are ­ve (__________________)? therefore, most compounds are ___________ stable than the  elements they are made from…...

Herodotus once said, “Men are at the mercy of events and cannot control them. This means that people are vulnerable to future events that they have no control over. This quote is valid because people live their lives filled with uncertainty, so whatever happens in their life happens. You can only control how you deal with and react to the situation you are put into. One work of literature that strongly reflects the quote is the play ‘Macbeth” by William…...