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IGCSE Economics: Introduction to Economics
IGCSE Economics: Introduction to Economics The basic problem of economics is scarcity, which is the presence of limited resources but unlimited demand. Economics determines how resources are distributed because there are simply insufficient resources to satisfy everyone's needs. Even in rich countries, you can see poor people. Economics is the study of how to make the best use of the resources we have. It's also about increasing people's choices, allowing them to see that there are other ways they can…...
Economics
IGCSE Economics: Privatization
IGCSE Economics: Privatization Privatization is the process when a firm shifts from the Public to Private sector. It has various effects on businesses, the government, and the economy. Effects on Consumers: Advantages: Increase in revenue from sales. Less government spending as “loss-making” privatised firms no longer have to be subsidized. Disadvantages: The government no longer earns profits from the firm. The government loses control of part of the economy due to the firm's exit from government control. Ownership can go…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Ethical and Professional Standards Session 2 – Reading 9
CFA Level 2 - Ethical and Professional Standards, Session 2 - Reading 9 (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Which of the following standards will most likely be violated by distribution of the prospectus? A)Standard III(C) Duties to Clients: Suitability because the fees are exorbitant.B)Standard III(C) Duties to Clients: Suitability because it misleads the reader as to the process by which securities are selected. (LLC must adequately disclose the basic security selection and portfolio construction process, and the portfolio manager recommendations…...
Economics
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CFA Level 2 – Corporate Finance Session 9 – Reading 32
CFA Level 2 - Corporate Finance, Session 9 - Reading 32 (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Which of the following is NOT a commonly used merger classification describing forms of integration? A)Regulatory merger. (Regulatory merger is not a commonly used merger classification. Both remaining answers are commonly used to describe the form of integration following a merger)B)Consolidation.C)Subsidiary merger.2. Suppose that a manufacturer of steel bridge beams (BridgeCo) acquires its main supplier of the steel (SteelCo) used to make the beams.…...
Economics
CFA Level 3 – Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning Session 3 – Reading 9
CFA Level 3 - Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning, Session 3 - Reading 9 (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. All of the following are behavioral investor types identified by Pompian EXCEPT the: A)guardian.B)active accumulator.C)friendly follower Explanation — The guardian is from the Bailard, Biehl, and Kaiser (BB&K) five-way model which classifies investors along two dimensions according to how they approach life in general. The first dimension, confidence, identifies the level of confidence usually displayed when the individual makes decisions.…...
Economics
CFA Level 3 – Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning Session 4 – Reading 10
CFA Level 3 - Portfolio Management and Wealth Planning, Session 4 - Reading 10 (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1.1 Jennifer Moore has worked in a governmental position (administrative assistant) since graduating from high school. She loves her job because she is very good at following her bosses’ orders. At office functions, many of her colleagues ranted and raved about the quality of her baked goods. Some even suggested that they tasted so good that she should quit her job…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Economics Session 4 – Reading 19 Foreign Exchange Parity Relations – LOS j
CFA Level 2 - Economics, Session 4 - Reading 19 Foreign Exchange Parity Relations - LOS j(Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. George Canyon, CFA, an international trader and analyst with Canyon Trading, wants to use the international Fisher relation to determine his trading strategies for the Chinese yuan. Based on his analysis, the expected inflation rate is 7% and the real interest rate is 3%. In order to determine a price for certain corporate debt Canyon is interested in buying,…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Equity Session 11 – Reading 41 Valuation in Emerging Markets – LOS b
CFA Level 2 - Equity, Session 11-Reading 41 Valuation in Emerging Markets - LOS b(Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. The tangible price-to-earnings (P/E) and franchise P/E values for ACP, Inc. are closest to: Tangible P/E Franchise P/E A) 4.59 6.67B) 6.67 4.59C) 9.09 2.08 [Explanation: C) Tangible P/E = 1 / r, so, tangible P/E = 1 / 0.11 = 9.09 Franchise P/E is the product of the franchise factor (FF) and the growth factor (G).That is, Franchise P/E =…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Quantitative Analysis Session 3 – Reading 13: Time-Series Analysis-LOS o
CFA Level 2 - Quantitative Analysis, Session 3 - Reading 13 - LOS o (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) LOS o: Select and justify the choice of a particular time-series model from a group of models. 1. Alexis Popov, CFA, is analyzing monthly data. Popov has estimated the model xt = b0 + b1 × xt-1 + b2 × xt-2 + et. The researcher finds that the residuals have a significant ARCH process. The best solution to this is to: A)…...
Economics
CFA Level 1 – Portfolio Management Session 18 – Reading 64
CFA Level 1 - Portfolio Management, Session 18 - Reading 64 (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) Which one of the following alternatives correctly outlines the importance of the portfolio perspective? A)Market participants should attempt to eliminate the unsystematic risk associated with each security by forming portfolios that will diversify away this risk. B)Market participants should focus on the systematic risk of the components of a portfolio not the unsystematic risk of the components of a portfolio. C)Market participants should analyze…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Corporate Finance Session 13 – Reading 50 Investing in Commodities-LOS c
CFA Level 2 - Corporate Finance, Session 13-Reading 50 Investing in Commodities-LOS c(Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. RSM is an established Canadian biotech firm with a significant equity exposure in its investment portfolio. The firm’s CFO, Eileen Jurczak is looking to diversify RSM’s investments by adding other asset classes to the portfolio mix but is unsure which assets to include. She consults Mike Thompson, CFA, the investment portfolio’s portfolio manager, who recommends adding commodity futures. Jurczak is somewhat familiar with…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Ethical and Professional Standards Session 2 – Reading 8
CFA Level 2 - Ethical and Professional Standards, Session 2 - Reading 8 (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Which of the following statements is least accurate? It is permissible under the Standards to allocate trades: A) on a pro rata basis over all suitable accounts based upon account value.B) on a pro rata basis over all accounts.C) on a pro rata basis over all suitable accounts on the basis of an advance indication of interest and indicated order size. Explanation:…...
Economics
Session 17 – Reading 62 Option Markets and Contracts-LOS f
CFA Level 2 - Derivative Investments, Session 17-Reading 62 Option Markets and Contracts-LOS f(Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Which of the following is the best approximation of the gamma of an option if its delta is equal to 0.6 when the price of the underlying security is 100 and 0.7 when the price of the underlying security is 110? A) 0.10.B) 0.01.C) 1.00 Explanation: B) The gamma of an option is computed as follows:Gamma = change in delta/change in the…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Financial Reporting and Analysis Session 7 – Reading 27 Evaluating Financial Reporting Quality-LOS b
CFA Level 2 - Financial Reporting and Analysis, Session 7 - Reading 27 Evaluating Financial Reporting Quality-LOS b (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Complete the following sentence. An analyst would apply _________ to the cash component of income compared to the accrual component when evaluating company performance. A) a higher weighting.B) a lower weighting.C) the same weighting [Explanation: (A) Since the cash component has more sustainability in the future than the accrual component, an analyst would apply a higher weighting…...
Economics
IGCSE Economics: Inflation
IGCSE Economics: Inflation Price Stability: What is it? Inflation – A sustained increase in general (average) price level in an economy as measured over a period of months or years. Inflation is measured using the CPI (Consumer Price Index). This is used to capture the average price level in an economy. Inflation refers to a general and sustained rise in the level of prices of goods and services – price of vast majority of goods and services on sale to…...
Economics
CFA Level 3 – Fixed Income Session 10 – Reading 25
CFA Level 3 - Fixed Income, Session 10 - Reading 25 (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Which of the following statements regarding leverage is least accurate? A)A leverage-based strategy decreases portfolio returns when the return on the strategy is greater than the cost of borrowed funds.B)Leverage is beneficial only when the strategy earns a return greater than the cost of borrowing.C)Leverage refers to using borrowed funds to purchase a portion of the securities in the portfolio. [Explanation: C) A…...
Economics
CFA Level 3 – Derivatives Session 14 – Reading 34
CFA Level 3 - Derivatives Session 14 - Reading 34(Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Risk management has evolved into: A)a series of small sets of independent activities.B)a government mandated set of standards.C)a broad set of interrelated activities. Explanation: Risk management was once simply thought as hedging risk. Now managers must look at it from several perspectives. Various types of risks must be defined, measured and selectively managed. A desired level of risk must be selected and the actual risk…...
Economics
Understanding the Labor Market: Demand, Supply, and Wage Dynamics
Labour Market What is it? Labor, like any other good or service, has a market; this market is the labor market and is determined by the demand and supply forces of labor. Labor can be manual or mental: A manager is still a laborer but merely uses his brain more than his hands. In an economy there can be several labor markets and they can be regional, national or international. There is a labor market for every occupation in an…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Economics Session 4 – Reading 17 The Exchange Rate and the Balance of Payments – LOS f
CFA Level 2 - Economics, Session 4 - Reading 17 The Exchange Rate and the Balance of Payments- LOS f The Federal Reserve has determined that, although the yen/USD exchange rate is volatile, its equilibrium value is approximately 105 yen/USD. The Fed has decided to intervene in foreign exchange markets to keep the exchange rate in a fairly narrow band around 105 yen/USD. If the exchange rate rises above 110 yen what should the Fed do? If the exchange rate…...
Economics
CFA Level 3 – Equity Investments Session 12 – Reading 29
CFA Level 3 - Equity Investments, Session 12 - Reading 29 (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1.1 A small, developing country has just developed an organized stock exchange where several dozen firms of all sizes trade. Craig Aversa has gathered data for the companies on the exchange and plans to construct an index using a sample of the firms that he feels are representative of the stocks that trade on the exchange and the country’s economy. He meets with Jamie…...
Economics
Effective Revision Strategies: Debugging – Part 1
Effective revision strategies: Debugging – Part 1 Do you remember the last time when you spent hours revising for an exam only to screw up? Yes. We all do. We all do, and most of us will most likely continue to do. And very rarely does anyone ask, why? You see, here’s the problem – when talking about revision, many people attribute effective revision to amount of time spent put in – you often hear people say, ‘I revised 5…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Economics Session 4 – Reading 19 Foreign Exchange Parity Relations – LOS d
CFA Level 2 - Economics, Session 4 - Reading 19 Foreign Exchange Parity Relations - LOS d (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) Under a system of flexible exchange rates, which one of the following is more likely to cause a nation's currency to appreciate on the foreign exchange market? A) A domestic inflation rate lower than the nation's trading partners. (Explanation: If a nation's trading partners prices are increasing twice as fast as the domestic country A, then foreign citizens will…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Economics Session 4 – Reading 18 Currency Exchange Rates – LOS f
CFA Level 2 - Economics, Session 4 - Reading 18 Currency Exchange Rates - LOS f (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) The three-month forward rate for the Byzantine solidus (BYZ) against the Venetian ducat (VEN) is quoted as BYZ:VEN 11.98 – 12.03. The bid-ask spread on the direct quote to a Byzantine investor is closest to: A) BYZ:VEN 0.0500 B) VEN:BYZ 0.0500 C) VEN:BYZ 0.0003 Explanation — C: The direct quote for a Byzantine investor is VEN:BYZ. The bid and ask…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Economics Session 4 – Reading 15 Regulation and Antitrust Policy in a Globalized Economy – LOS a
CFA Level 2 - Economics, Session 4 - Reading 15 Regulation and Antitrust Policy in a Globalized Economy - LOS a (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1.1 Amelia Andrews, CFA, is the current head of the California Utilities Commission, the agency which has regulatory authority over all utilities providers in the state of California. Andrews has been head of the agency for three years, before which she had spent her twenty year career in various roles at California Electric (CE),…...
Economics
Session 17 – Reading 73 Risk Management Applications of Option Strategies
CFA Level 1 - Derivative Investments, Session 17 - Reading 73 Risk Management Applications of Option Strategies (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) An investor buys a 30 put on a share of stock for a premium of $7 and simultaneously buys a share of stock for $26. The breakeven price on the position and the maximum gain on the position are: Breakeven price Maximum gain A) $21 $11 B) $37 $11 C) $33 unlimited <Explanation> C: To break even, the…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Equity Session 12 – Reading 45 Residual Income Valuation-LOS h
CFA Level 2 - Equity, Session 12-Reading 45 Residual Income Valuation-LOS h (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) Continuing residual income is defined as the: A) permanent as opposed to the transitory part of residual income. B) residual income that is expected beyond the initial forecast time horizon. C) residual income that forces the net present value to zero Explanation — (B): Continuing residual income is defined as the residual income that is expected beyond the initial forecast time horizon. It comes…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Financial Reporting and Analysis Session 7 – Reading 25
CFA Level 2 - Financial Reporting and Analysis, Session 7 - Reading 25 (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) Duster Corporation’s year-end income statement reported the following: Calculate Duster’s income from continuing operations for the year A) $103,500 B) $106,800 C) $114,300 Explanation: (B) Income from continuing operations includes all revenues and expenses except discontinued operations and extraordinary items: $187,000 operating income + $3,400 gain on sale of equipment – $12,400 interest expense – $71,200 income tax expense = $106,800 Galaxy Company…...
Economics
CFA Level 1 – Quantitative Methods Session 2 – Reading 7
CFA Level 1 - Quantitative Methods, Session 2 - Reading 7 (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) Fifty mutual funds are ranked according to performance. The five best performing funds are assigned the number 1, while the five worst performing funds are assigned the number 10. This is an example of a(n): A)ordinal scale. B)interval scale. C)nominal scale. [Explanation]: A — The ordinal scale of measurement categorizes and orders data with respect to some characteristic. In this example, the ordinal scale…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Economics Session 4 – Reading 20: Measuring Economic Activity-LOS a
CFA Level 2 - Economics, Session 4 - Reading 20 Measuring Economic Activity-LOS a (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) Distinguish between the measures of economic activity (i.e., gross domestic product, gross national income, and net national income), including their components. When calculating the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of a country: A) the output, expenditure, and income measures are always equal. B) the income (rent, interest, profits, and dividends) earned by all of the residents of the country is included, regardless of…...
Economics
Session 18 – Reading 68 International Asset Pricing – LOS n
CFA Level 2 - Portfolio Management, Session 18-Reading 68 International Asset Pricing - LOS n (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) Assume that a country has a negative trade balance. In the traditional model of the impact of currency appreciation on domestic economic activities, what is the likely short-run impact of currency depreciation? A) Domestic industry becomes more competitive narrowing the trade balance. B) The cost of imports increases widening the trade balance. (Explanation: In the short run, if a country’s currency…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Fixed Income Session 15 – Reading 57 Mortgage-Backed Sector of the Bond Market-LOS k
CFA Level 2 - Fixed Income, Session 15-Reading 57 Mortgage-Backed Sector of the Bond Market-LOS k (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) All of the following statements regarding nonagency securities are correct EXCEPT: A) the collateral behind nonagency CMOs is a pool of loans. B) the collateral behind nonagency collateralized mortgage obligations is passthrough securities. C) loans used to back nonagency CMOs are referred to as nonconforming loans <Explanation> B — The collateral behind nonagency CMOs is a pool of loans,…...
Economics
Session 1 – Reading 3 CFA Institute Soft Dollar Standards – LOS c
CFA Level 2 - Ethical and Standards, Session 1 - Reading 3 CFA Institute Soft Dollar Standards - LOS c (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) Centurion Rivals (CR), an investment advisory firm, receives the following services in return for directing client brokerage to another firm: Research reports supporting trades surrounding IPOs, mergers, and bankruptcy proceedings. Access to an online database to track current, former, and prospective clients for marketing purposes. CR wants to advertise that it is in compliance with CFA…...
Economics
IB Economics: Perfect competition
IB Economics: Perfect competition For all the market structures, the IB syllabus requires you to describe with examples the assumed characteristics of it. Keep in mind that they are all theoretical models, and some may not occur in real life, but it provides economists with a valuable tool for evaluting the resource allocation and efficiency of more realistic market models. There are 4 main types of market structures, the perfect competition model obviously being part of the perfectly competitive market;…...
Economics
IGCSE Economics: Production and Productivity
IGCSE Economics: Production and Productivity Production Factors of production: land, labour, capital, enterprise. Factors of Production are the resources land, labour, capital and enterprise utilized to produce a good or service. There are four factors of production, which are: Land Labour Capital Enterprise Land These are the natural resources available to us. This not includes land space, but also space in the air, space in the sea, underground space, etc. Capital This is a man-made object used to produce other…...
Economics
CFA Level 2 – Equity Session 11 – Reading 42 Discounted Dividend Valuation – LOS a
CFA Level 2 - Equity, Session 11-Reading 42 Discounted Dividend Valuation - LOS a (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) In order to properly measure the cash flows of an emerging market company to consider the impact of inflation, one starts the process by constructing the: A) historical financial statements using the temporal method. B) forecasted financial statements using the current method. C) historical and forecasted financial statements in both nominal and real terms (Explanation: Construct historical and forecasted financial statements in…...
Economics
Session 1 – Reading 4 Institute Research Objectivity Standards – LOS a
CFA Level 2 - Ethical and Standards, Session 1 - Reading 4 Institute Research Objectivity Standards - LOS a (Practice Questions, Sample Questions) When designing policies and procedures to implement the CFA Institute Research Objectivity Standards, all of the following are objectives, EXCEPT: A) put the client’s interest before the firm’s interest, minimize possible conflicts that may adversely affect the independence and objectivity of research, and support self-regulation. B) provide a work environment conducive to ethical behavior, fully disclose conflicts…...
Economics
Exploring the Economic Effects on Inflation, Exports, Imports, and Growth
Economic Effects Economic Effects of Currency Movements: Please note that the following effects occur in the case of a depreciation. Inflation: A depreciation makes imports more expensive. Producers may pass on higher costs of imported components and raw materials onto consumers. This depends on the price elasticity of demand for the good or service in question. Wages may rise in response to this, triggering a wage-price spiral. Conversely, as inflation rises the prices of one’s exports rises: This decreases the…...
Economics
CFA Level 3 – Ethical and Standards Session 2 – Reading 5
CFA Level 3 - Ethical and Standards, Session 2 - Reading 5 (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) 1. Marc Feldman, CFA, is manager of corporate investor relations for a high-tech startup, zippy.com, in Boise, Idaho. Feldman learns that Larry Smith, controller, is altering the accounting records. Knowing the data is incorrect, Feldman releases Smith's financial data to investors. This action: A)constitutes a violation of the Standard concerning duty to employer. B)constitutes a violation of his fundamental responsibilities under the Code…...
Economics
CFA Level 3 – Derivatives Session 15 – Reading 37
CFA Level 3 - Derivatives, Session 15 - Reading 37 (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) An investor believes that a stock they own will continue to oscillate in price and may trend downward in price. The best course of action for them to take would be to: A)enter into both a covered call and protective put strategy. B)sell call options on the stock. C)buy put options on the stock. Explanation — A: With a stock that is oscillating in price…...
Economics
CFA Level 1 – Portfolio Management Session 12 – Reading 52 Portfolio Risk and Return: Part I-LOS c
CFA Level 1 - Portfolio Management, Session 12 - Reading 52 Portfolio Risk and Return: Part I-LOS c (Notes, Practice Questions, Sample Questions) ; 1. A bond analyst is looking at historical returns for two bonds, Bond 1 and Bond 2. Bond 2’s returns are much more volatile than Bond 1. The variance of returns for Bond 1 is 0.012 and the variance of returns of Bond 2 is 0.308. The correlation between the returns of the two bonds is…...
Economics
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