Chapter 1-4 Study Questions

The primary relationships studied by sociologists are the ones between

Which is an accurate description of sociology

The sociological imagination

One way to develop a sociological imagination is to view your own society

A sociologist observing behavior at a college football game would probably focus on

Which of the following would be an example of the use of the sociological imagination

Unemployment can be viewed as

The sociological imagination is an empowering tool because it

The fact that it is possible to make a hamburger without having to personally complete every one of the many steps that go into making a hamburger from scratch illustrates

Which of the following are the key components of the definition of sociology

The fact that men in Indonesia are more likely to survive certain kinds of natural disaster, because men in that society are generally taught to swim while women are not, is an example of

A condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power is referred to as

A body of knowledge obtained by methods based on systematic observation is called a

Sociology is considered a science because sociologists

Fields of study that explore the ways the behavior features of humans interact and change are considered

Fields of study that explore the physical features of nature and the ways in which they interact and change are considered

A natural scientist would be likely to study

A social scientist would be likely to study the

Which of the following would be the type of question a sociologist might ask in studying the global economic crisis that began in 2008

Sociologists argue that, unlike scientific knowledge, commonsense conclusions are

A sociological study of the divorce rate among U.

S. soldiers served to

A set of statements that seeks to explain problems, actions, or behavior is called a

Emile Durkheim’s study of suicide relate suicide ages to

Emile Durkheim’s explanation of suicide was scientific because he

Which of the following statements is an example of a sociological theory

Which sociologist established Europe’s first university department of sociology

Which of the following is true about August Comte

Which of the following is true about Harriet Martineau

Harriet Martineau argued that we could learn a lot about a culture by analyzing the ideas, themes, and images reflected in which type of cultural product

Anomie refers to

In many emerging nations, the pace of social change is very rapid and there is significant hunger and starvation, unemployment, and family disruption. Individuals who live in emerging nations are likely to suffer

Durkheim was particularly concerned about

Which of the following did Karl Marx view as the key factor distinguishing humans from animals

In Karl Marx’s analysis, social inequality is determined by

Max Weber’s theory of power included

Sociological studies that focus on large-scale phenomena or entire civilizations are defined as

A study of divorce rates among the populations of Canada, England, the United States, and France is an example of

Which of the following stresses the study of small groups

A sociologist studies drug-use patterns among small groups of college students in a Midwestern college. This would be an example of

Erving Goffman popularized the dramaturgical approach, which

W. E. B. Du Bois investigated power and inequality based on

Ida Wells-Barnett investigated power and inequality based on

Which of the following is true about Jane Addams

Which of the following is a functionalist perspective

Which sociological perspective would suggest that if an aspect of social life does not contribute to a society’s stability, then it does not serve a useful function

A functionalist perspective would be most likely to argue that the existence of big-city political machines suggests

Which sociological perspective emphasizes the distribution of power and the allocation of resources

Critics of television often suggest that executives of major television networks and movie corporations are wealthy, White males who divide which programs or movies will be produced and which directors and actors will obtain jobs in the industry. This analysis reflects the

With which of the following conflicting groups are contemporary conflict theorists concerned

Interactionist perspective

Which sociological approach would argue that people respect laws or disobey them based on their own past experience as well as their subjective understanding of the law

Which sociological perspective would argue that laws reinforce the positions of those in power

Which sociological perspective would argue that public punishments reinforce the social order

Which sociological perspective would argue that social change is predictable in the progression toward great order

The view that social order is maintained through cooperation and consensus would most likely be held by

Which sociological perspective would suggest that social change is reflected in people’s communication patterns and social positions

In general, sociologists tend to

Personal sociology

Using sociology with the specific intent of yielding practical applications for human behavior and organizations is referred to as

Which of the following statements is true

The worldwide integration of government policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas is known as

A sociological relationship between the individual and society is one in which the choices of the individual are determined by the individual’s societal position. T/F

Given C. Wright Mills’ description of the sociological imagination as our ability to see the interaction between history and biography, it follows that neither society nor the individual can be understood in isolation from the other. T?F

The main purpose of the “hamburger as miracle” story is to show that, when the need arises, all individuals are capable of achieving their goals without the help of others. T/F

The observation by sociologists that the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami killed a higher proportion of men than women is an example of the importance of the consequences of difference. T/F

Sociology can most accurately be considered a natural science because it involves the systematic examination of the effects of human nature on society T/F

The fact that sociologists have found little difference between the sexes in terms of talkativeness is an example of why the systematic analysis of facts is generally more reliable than common sense knowledge T/F

According to Durkheim’s theory about the causes of suicide, the more interconnected and interdependent a society’s members, the lower its suicide rate should be. T/F

Of the three main sociological perspectives, the dramaturgical approach, as popularized by Erving Goffman, would best be considered an example of the interactionist perspective T/F

A sociologist who views religion as a societal institution that functions to preserve existing inequalities is most likely to be a conflict theorist in terms of perspective. T/F

Of the various ways to practice sociology, the way that offers the most direct link between theory and practice is clinical sociology. T/F

Which of the following is true of sociology

The scientific method

If you were interested in studying the relationship between date and acquaintance rape victims and the characteristics of the rapist, your first step would be to

Defining a sociological problem involves

An operational definition is

Which of the following best describes theories

Which of the following would be least likely to be used in formulating an operational definition for a study on racial bias in the workplace

When researching a concept, why do sociologists conduct a review of the available literature

A testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables is known as a

The statement “Women who receive welfare are less likely than other women to have babies” is an example of

A variable is

Which of the following can serve as a variable in a study

The relationship between variables in which a change in one leads to a change in the other is known as

The statement “People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens” is an example of

The causal variable that brings about change is known as a(n)

Which of the following would be considered the independent variable in the statement “People who live in poverty have shorter life expectancies than wealthier citizens”

Sociological studies have indicated that people who are married are less likely to commit suicide than people who are divorced. In this example, marital status is a(n)

The race of a criminal offender is associated with the frequency with which capital punishment is administered. In this example, capital punishment would be considered the

The relationship between two variables in which a change in one coincides with a change in the other is known as a(n)

Individuals who have divorced parents are more likely to experience long-term adverse effects than individuals who have parents who did not divorce. This statement is an example of a(n)

In which type of sample does each member of the entire population have the same chance of being selected

If researchers wanted to examine the opinions of people listed in a city directory, they might call every tenth or fiftieth or hundredth name listed. This would constitute a

Valid research measures

Which of the following would be considered a valid measure of an individual’s intelligence

A research measure that provides consistent results is considered

A factor held constant to test the relative impact of the independent variable is known as a

Which of the following is true about a research design

Developing an effective research design is important because it directly influences both the amount of time needed to collect the data and the

To conduct a cross-cultural study of job discrimination against women, a sociologist interviews 75 women between the ages of 20 and 40 in an American city, and 75 women in the same age group in a Canadian city. This study would be classified as

In order to provide information that is useful, open-ended survey questions

The results of an interview may be influenced by

Surveys most often represent ______ research, which collects and reports data primarily in numerical form

The number calculated by adding a series of values and then dividing by the number of values is referred to as the

The midpoint, or number that divides a series of values into two groups of equal numbers of values, is referred to as the

Which number would be considered the mode of the following: 10-10-9-9-8-8-7-7-7-6-5

Research that relies on what sociologists observe in the field and naturalistic settings, and that often focuses on small groups and communities, is referred to as

Researchers who use sociological observation to collect data do so by either watching a group or by

A sociologist attends meetings at all the schools and churches in his community over several years, and meets as many residents as he can for the purpose of exploring all facets of the community’s social life. He then compiles a detailed description of the community. He is conducting a(n)

The initial obstacle participant observers encounter is

Once a researcher has been accepted into a group, a major challenge of participant observation is

An artificially created situation that allows a researcher to manipulate variables is known as a(n)

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the independent variable is called the

Sociologists performing research

A sociologist decides to study the interaction among students in the college’s computer center. When the students realize they are under observation, they become shy and reserved in their interactions. This is an example of

Which of the following is true about Devah Pager’s research

Secondary analysis includes a variety of research techniques that

If a sociologist uses information gathered by the United States Census Bureau in a study, that sociologist is performing

Sociologists consider secondary analysis to be

An inherent problem in using secondary sources of data is that

A researcher studies adolescent attitudes about senior citizens by analyzing depictions of the elderly in the lyrics of popular music and the content of teen magazines. This is an example of

Erving Goffman’s pioneering exploration of how advertisements portray women as dependent upon men is an example of

Which of the following is included in the code of ethics for sociology

Which of the following is not incorporated into the basic principles of the code of ethics for sociology

Rik Scarce’s jail experience in 1993 revealed the potential consequences of

After the 1989 Valdez disaster, the Exxon Corporation sought out many experts, including sociologists, to study jury deliberations. Which of the following was a major ethical concern for these sociologists

According to value neutrality, investigators have an ethical obligation to accept research findings even when the data run counter to which of the following

Joyce Ladner’s The Death of White Sociology called attention to

Which of the following is true about Shulamit Reinharz

Feminist sociologists

Which of the following statements is true about the contributions of feminist sociologists?

One important goal of applying the scientific method to the study of society is to ensure that the researchers’ own values and opinions are allowed to influence the results. T/F

The purpose of transforming a concept into its operational definition is to make the concept easier to observe and measure T/F

In the hypothesis “the more socially integrated a person, the less likely that person is to commit suicide,” level of social integration is the independent variable. T/F

If x is correlated with y, then by definition, x must be the cause of y.
T/F

If x causes y, then by definition, x must be correlated with y.
T/F

For the purposes of data analysis, the most important quality of a sample is that it is representative of the population from which it is drawn T/F

One way to ensure that a sample is representative of the broader population from which it is taken is to ensure that every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected in the sample. T/F

If the same questionnaire about income and education is given to the same person at two different times, and nothing significant has changed between the two times, the responses should be the same, and if they are not, the questionnaire can best be described as invalid. T/F

Of the two main types of survey instrument—the face-to-face interview and the questionnaire—the use of a questionnaire is likely to generate the higher response rate because it allows more time for the respondent to respond.
T/F

While sociologists use a variety of different approaches to the study of social phenomena, they all accept that value-neutrality is essential in the interpretation of data. T/F

The totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior is known as

Culture helps us to

Which of the following best defines a society

Which of the following best explains the role of a society

Cultural preferences vary across societies. Which of the following is an example of a cultural preference

Common practices and beliefs shared by all societies are called

In his research, George Murdock determined that

What is the most common stance among researchers on the “nature vs. nurture” debate

Sociobiology is the systematic study of

Which of the following would be of interest to a sociobiologist

Innovation interests sociologists because it

Which of the following is a method through which culture is diffused

Which of the following would be an example of discovery

Which of the following would be an example of invention

Which of the following examples illustrates the rapid globalization of culture

English-speaking people in the United States commonly use words whose origins are from various African, Asian, and non-English-speaking European cultures. This is an example of

In practice, globalization has led to which of the following phenomena

The physical or technological aspects of our daily lives represent

Which of the following is an example of material culture

Which of the following is true about cognitive culture

Which of the following is a component of cognitive culture

Which of the following is true about the pace at which nonmaterial culture changes?

What is cultural lag?

Culture lag occurs because people in most societies are

Which of the following is true about language?

Which of the following is true about the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

In some parts of the United States, horse breeding is commonplace. People involved in breeding have developed different words to distinguish between breeds, sizes, and sexes of horses, and these words are not very familiar to people who are uninvolved in the “horse world.” This is an example of

What is one of the contributions the feminist perspective has made to the study of language?

The words blacklist and white lie are examples of

Which of the following is an example of nonverbal communication?

Collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable, and proper (or bad, undesirable, and improper) are known as

Which of the following is true about the list of U.S. basic values offered by sociologist Robin Williams?

In surveys of first-year college students over the last 40 years, which value has shown the strongest gain in popularity?

Which of the following is true about norms?

Formal norms enforced by the state are

Informal norms are

While attending a prestigious lecture at a New York City museum, Bob noisily belches several times and picks his nose. He is violating

Mores are

Which of the following is true about folkways?

Which of the following is not a culturally learned behavior?

Within the traditional Buddhist areas of Southeast Asia, in the sleeping cars of trains, women do not sleep in upper berths above men. This norm

Which of the following is an example of a norm that is often ignored because of weak enforcement?

Which of the following is an example of a practice that appears to violate the norms of society in general, but actually represents adherence to the norms of a particular group?

Penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm are known as

A Girl Scout works hard on a difficult project, and when she has completed her work, she is given a badge that she can wear on her uniform. This is an example of

A dominant ideology is a

Which of the following is a limitation of the dominant ideology thesis?

In the United States, professional gamblers, Armenian Americans, teenagers, and nudists are all examples of

The use of terms like g-man, honey boat, and airmail by sanitation workers in New York City is an example of

Which of the following is the best example of a counterculture within the United States?

Armed militia groups, such as the one that was involved in the Oklahoma City bombing in 1995, are an example of

Which of the following constitutes culture shock?

A man from a very conservative culture travels to a country where the culture is more liberal. As he walks down the sidewalk, he is startled to see women wearing pants and even shorts instead of the long skirts and dresses worn by women in his culture. He is experiencing

The tendency to assume that one’s own culture and way of life represent what is normal or are superior to all others is called

Students who return home after studying abroad and soldiers returning home from war often experience a kind of reverse culture shock, which reflects

A member of a new fundamentalist church believes that she has found the one true way to achieve salvation, and that members of other religions are pagans who will go directly to hell when they die. This is an example of

Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?

In which country did ethnocentric value judgments hamper United States efforts to build a democracy?

A United States sociologist receives a grant to study racial and religious prejudice among the peoples of Southeast Asia. The sociologist makes a serious and unbiased effort to evaluate the norms, values, and customs of these groups in light of the distinctive cultures of which they are a part. This is an example of

Which of the following concepts employs the kind of value neutrality that Max Weber saw as so important?

One of the reasons why we need culture is that it helps us to make sense of, and relate to, the physical world around us. T/F

George Murdock found that there are 70 categories of true cultural universals T/F

Humans have more control over their own destinies if they are the product of nature rather than nurture. T/F

In general, sociobiologists emphasize how social behavior can influence our biological evolution as a species T/F

The main difference between discovery and invention is that only invention involves the creation of something that did not previously exist T/F

The diffusion of cultures across national borders can have positive and negative effects. The negative effects are most likely to be experienced by developing rather than developed countries. T/F

Language can be described as being “socially constructed” because it has no inherent meaning other than that assigned to it by humans. T/F

One important implication of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is that the capacity to conceptualize the world must evolve before language can emerge. T/F

Wearing formal clothes in an informal setting would be an example of violating a formal norm.
T/F

The use of argot helps clarify the boundary between “insider” members of a subculture and other “outsider” members of society. T/F

The relative importance of biological inheritance and environmental factors in human development is referred to as the debate over

Which of the following best describes the process of socialization?

A teacher plans a trip to the theater for a junior high school class. As part of the preparation, the teacher tells students how they should dress and how they will be expected to act inside the theater. This is an example of

The analysis of Genie and Danielle is important because it emphasizes the importance of

Harry Harlow’s research with rhesus monkeys and “artificial mothers” revealed that

Studies of identical twins who were raised apart have

Which of the following is true about the self?

Which of the following statements is true about the looking-glass self?

Which of the following is the first phase of the looking-glass self?

According to the theory of the looking-glass self, our self-identities are based on

George Herbert Mead argued that the self has two core components

For George Herbert Mead, the self represents an ongoing interaction between

For a student sitting in a classroom, the “I” is the part of the self that engenders which of these reactions?

Which of the following is true about the sociological concept of significant others?

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be an example of a significant other?

According to George Herbert Mead’s stages of the self, the preparatory stage occurs

Gestures, objects, and words that form the basis of human communication are known as

Which of the following is an example of a symbol?

In Mead’s theory, the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint is known as

During which of Mead’s stages of the self does a child begin to “become” a doctor, a parent, a superhero, or a ship captain?

Your boss has just screamed at her staff for poor sales growth and high absenteeism. Consequently, you decide that this would not be a good time to speak to her about a promotion. In this instance, you are effectively

A child of about eight or nine years of age begins to consider several tasks and relationships simultaneously. At this point in development, children grasp not only their own social positions but also those of others around them. Mead calls this stage the

Allison is playing in a high school field hockey game and passes the ball to Erika, who appears to have a scoring opportunity. Allison’s pass suggests that she is aware of her role as a member of a team and that she is now in which stage of development, according to George Herbert Mead?

Which term was used by George Herbert Mead to refer to a child’s awareness of the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole?

Tanya is sitting in a large college lecture hall with 300 other students. Although she has the urge to pick her nose, she refrains because she is afraid of how the other members of the audience will react. Tanya’s behavior is being controlled by

Which of the following is true about the dramaturgical approach?

The sociologist Erving Goffman is associated with which of the following concepts?

Bob is on his first date with Mary. He really likes her, so he tries to act in a manner that will cause her to like him, too. This is an example of

Which of the following defines Erving Goffman’s concept of face-work?

A person leaves a singles’ bar alone and later tells a friend, “There wasn’t anyone interesting in the entire crowd.” This is an example of

Which social scientist believed that the self has components that work in opposition to each other?

How many stages did Jean Piaget argue exist in the development of children’s thought processes?

A child spends a lot of time putting objects into his mouth and touching everything in sight. This child is probably in which stage of development, according to Piaget?

According to Piaget’s cognitive theory of development, the stage in which children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas is called the

According to Piaget, what is the key to children’s development?

Which of the following is the most important agent of socialization?

Socialization concerning not only masculinity and femininity, but also marriage and parenthood begins in childhood as a part of family life. Children observe their parents as they express affection, deal with finances, quarrel, complain about in-laws, and so forth. Their learning represents an informal process of

Which of the following is true about gender roles?

Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis observed that schools in the United States focus on

Which of the following was a finding of sociologists Patricia and Peter Adler regarding peer groups?

Which of the following has become an increasingly influential agent of socialization over the past century?

Which is the most common form of media consumption for young people between the ages of 8 and 18?

Among tablet and smartphone owners,

Which of the following is true about the ways new technologies are changing the way we interact with each other?

Which of the following is true about adolescents in the workplace?

Institutions such as day care centers, hospitals, and mental health care centers reflect what change in society?

T/F The quincea-era ceremony is considered a rite of passage for Hispanic girls.

A bat mitzvah, a quincea-era ceremony, and a Catholic confirmation are all examples of

Which of the following do life course theorists argue?

According to a national survey, the key event that marks the rite of passage into adulthood in the United States is

A young girl decides that she wants to become an Olympic swimmer. She takes swimming lessons, joins her school’s swimming team, reads magazine articles about champion swimmers, and goes to swim meets at a nearby college. This is an example of

A woman who was socialized from infancy to become a wife and mother settles comfortably into being a homemaker in her twenties and early thirties. However, her husband dies suddenly, and she finds that she must enter the paid labor force in order to support herself and her two children. This woman will most likely have to undergo a process of

Which of the following is considered a total institution?

Which of the following is not a characteristic of total institutions?

Cindy enters prison and is stripped of her clothing and advised that from this point on she will be referred to only by a number. This is an example of

Which of the following is true about the midlife crisis?

The sandwich generation can best be described as

Which of the following factors has contributed to the rise in life expectancy around the world?

Which of the following is not one of the seven stages in Robert Atchley’s theory of the retirement process?

In Robert Atchley’s conceptualization of the retirement process, the “near phase” refers to the

T/F The process of socialization can only take place during the first few years of life, meaning that children who miss this process can never become fully socialized.

Based on studies of identical twins, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the idea that nature has a greater impact than nurture on the social development of people.
T/F

One implication of Charles Cooley’s idea of the “looking-glass self” is that we can form self-identities that are based on incorrect assumptions about how others see us.
T/F

According to sociologist George Herbert Mead, people are happiest when the “I” component of the self has total control over the “Me” portion of the self. T/F

Of the three stages of self-development identified by Mead, the capacity to assume the perspective of another and to respond from this perspective does not occur until the “game stage.”
T/F

Goffman’s concept of “impression management” implies that people alter their presentation of self to meet the expectations of different audiences. T/F

Of all the various “agents of socialization,” peer groups have consistently been shown to have the greatest impact.
T/F

The “life course approach” to the study of political socialization tends to focus on those social factors, such as race or gender, that affect people throughout their lives.
T/F

The process of discarding old patterns of behavior and accepting new ones as part of a life transition is referred to as “anticipatory socialization.”
T/F

People who are no longer young, but are not yet old are referred to by social scientists as the “sandwich generation.”
T/F