We Publish Musical Genre

Topics: Jazz

Margaret Sanger was one factor that led to change in the sexual culture in the 1920s because she popularized the term ‘birth control’, starting discussions on the subject and even opened the first birth control clinic in the United States. Her establishment of the American Birth Control League also proved to be a staple to sexual culture in the United States as her startup evolved into the modern-day Planned Parenthood Federation of America. Sanger claimed that birth control gave women freedom as she argued: “No woman can call herself free who does not own and control her body,”.

Many women started to agree and Sanger had started the movement. Gladys Bentley was another factor that changed women’s sexual culture in America. She was a talented pianist and blues singer whose voice appealed to straight, gay, black, and white audiences. She was one of the first prominent lesbian figures at the time when it was not as openly accepted as today.

For this reason, she is considered a pioneer to the lesbian community and credited with advancing societies perceptions of homosexuality. The drag ball culture of Harlem was a factor that led to a change in men’s sexual culture in the 1920s. The “drag balls” were men dressed in wigs and women’s clothing in Harlem, who did not attract just other queer patrons, but artists and writers of the time as well. The drag balls were the first transgenders to protest and they helped pave the way for the establishment of LGBTQ culture which is extremely prevalent today.

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2. Prohibition led to 56,000 men or two-fifths of the Federation’s membership losing their jobs . . . in hotels, restaurants, resorts and beer gardens.”(Wald5) In turn, nightlife took a major hit, shutting down all local bars and clubs. People weren’t going to give up their alcohol that easy so many opened undercover bars where bootleggers and mobsters illegally provided alcohol and entertainment to people of all classes.

Prohibition also affected the jazz music revolution at the time. Musicians and venues both took major hits because “without liquor revenues, all but the most successful hotels found it difficult to pay top talent,” (Wald10). This affected the economy and now businesses were struggling and a lot of the money was going to mobsters who were selling alcohol illegally. Although the music genre was affected by prohibition, Jazz was still overwhelmingly popular. Wald claimed, “We [still] look at the bands that exemplified the “Roaring Twenties” rather than all the musicians who were … forced out of business.”  This dictates that prohibition in a way weeded out the extremely talented from the rest because if you weren’t talented enough a place wouldn’t bother to pay you. 3. In 1936 to 1945 Franklin D. Roosevelt won the support of the majority of black voters. One action that helped him accomplish this was his implementation of “The Black Cabinet”.

He made African Americans head of his public policy committee which black voters proved to be very fond of. Roosevelts take on the four freedoms also won him the support of the majority of black voters. When speaking of the four freedoms Roosevelt states “no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor— anywhere in the world.”(Roosevelt His reason for this is because one of his four freedoms is fear. Roosevelt captures the support of the majority of black voters because for the first time in history a potential president speaks out about the touchy subject of social equality for skin color. He makes it very clear that he will protect people from being attacked by neighbors which get backed by the black community. Roosevelt’s new deal was another action that helped him win the support of the black community because his spending programs such as Civil Works Administration (CWA), Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), National Youth Administration (NYA) gave black people hope of bouncing back from the economic depression.

As the Okies came in overloaded cars and entered the United States they immediately faced an onset of racism from the local Californians. So, Okies used strategies such as Assimilation and Dissociation to better adjust to society’s ways in California. They made up “all sorts of personal solutions to the social difficulties they faced when they started migrating to the west.” (Gregory118) Okies used their choice of location c as a tactic to better acclimate because “metropolitan settlers were more readily absorbed in the surrounding society,”(Gregory118). Other factors took into account by the okies was the music they listened to, their accents, and their history all had to be changed. So, Okies put a lot of time into speech and listening to local Californian music in order to adjust to life in California. They had to use these strategies to make e it bearable to survive without constant oppression and judgment. Many were unable to cope and simply returned home hopeless of acceptance in California.

The creation of the Women`s Army Corps caused anxieties about womanhood in the United States. The Women’s Army Corps consisted of over 100,000 of the first woman to ever serve a position in the war other than as nurses, so naturally, society had their worries about how womanhood could be affected. Due to the masculine stereotypes of soldiers throughout all of the time up until World War two, societies main concern was that women would become too manly and lose their femininity if they joined the army. This would interrupt the gender roles in place during society if women started to become masculine from being in the army. Another major concern came from the uniforms of the WAC soldiers. The women were regarded as “Skirt Soldiers” due to their extremely controversial feminine uniforms which a lot of people did not approve of. Another major concern was how Women in army roles of power would react given that responsibility.

An overwhelming portion of society believed that women generals would rush dictating orders to male personnel and command post officers around telling them how to do their jobs. Many people believe that women should stick to cleaning and cooking for the soldiers instead of ordering around other men. In between World War I and World War II, three major migrations occurred in the United States. There was a migration during the Jazz Age, the Great Depression, and World War II. Each migration had specific effects on class, race, gender, and popular culture. In this essay, I will be discussing and analyzing those effects for each of the three migrations. The First Great Migration took place between 1919-1929. World War I redrew the racial map of the United States. With immigration from Europe banned, northern employers extend industrial job offers to southern blacks. The result, tens of thousands of African-Americans left the rural South in the hope of finding greater economic opportunity in the north.

This migration continued until the great depression hit the United States and halted the Great Migration. People could barely afford to keep food on the table, and jobs were scarce, therefore there was no logical reason to migrate during this period of time because working conditions were generally the same. There were three main paths of migration that occurred. The first was the movement of people from the very Southeast, to the very Northeast. The second, was the moment of people from the Central South to the Midwest. The final was the movement from the Southwest to the Midwest and Far West.People migrating from the Southeast to the Northeast made their way up and mainly settled in cities such as Philadelphia, and Harlem. People migrating from the Central South settled in places like Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland. Race was impacted during this migration because the Harlem Renaissance took place.

“New York City`s Harlem was the largest and most celebrated place for African-American Migrants.”. African Americans migrated forming communities and advancing their culture. The migration also impacted African Americans economic standings as many would “leave the farms at night and walk for miles. Many of them caught the train to come North,”. In order to escape the debt owed to plantation owners, many African Americans took this opportunity to migrate in hopes of better wages. Gender is affected as several Jazz Musicians who participated in the advancement of the jazz genre were women who migrated from the south such as Gladys Bentley. Popular culture also becomes affected as the majority of talented Jazz Musicians migrated from the south and blended their styles of music together advancing the jazz music genre as well. The Great Depression was a catastrophe in America’s agriculture from 1932- 1936.

It is the longest and worst depression ever experienced and caused a worldwide economic downturn that began when the stock market crashed. Severe droughts hit Texas along to the Dakotas, later being referred to as the “Dust Bowl”, caused the soil to become infertile in those areas. Farmers started losing their jobs while the demand for food and money also skyrocketed. For those who lived in Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Kansas were in dire need of change in order to survive. The group of migrants headed west to escape the Dust Bowl. These migrants were referred to as “Okies” since they were from Oklahoma and were easily distinguishable to local Californians. They used strategies such as Assimilation and Dissociation in order to adjust to California`s social norms. Okies initially started to make “all sorts of personal solutions to the social difficulties they faced when they started migrating,”.

The Okies migration led to issues of racial identity as many would lie about their history and claim they are from somewhere they are not really from. They had to give up their Oklahoma pop culture in order to integrate and fit in with Californian culture. Overall, the Okies headed west to survive the depression and provide for their families. The Second Great Migration began during World War II. It is the term used to reference the second wave of African Americans, who traveled from the southern parts of America to the North, Midwest, and west in search for better living conditions. This migration was much larger than the first. The motivation for the migration was the social factor of racism in the south and the economic factor of growing markets outside of the south. An opportunity for good, steady employment was one of the reasons for African Americans to want to pack up everything they own and migrate north. Besides, jobs were crucial for families in order to provide food, clothes, and shelter.

The mobilization of the American wartime economy in produced billions in government contracts creating a plethora of new job opportunities in Northern Industrial hubs such as New York City, Chicago, and Detroit During World War II over 1 million African Americans would join the workforce. Industrial jobs appealed to younger African Americans because of the assistance they could receive through free government training programs sponsored by the National Youth Administration. Overall African Americans made significant forward strides improving upon past issues during the second great migration. In regards to race, the general objective of the negros was “not only to win the war but also to win the peace. He wants the peace to be free of race and color restrictions, of imperialism and exploitation.” During this migration, African Americans were able to escape racism and low wages in the south improving upon their economic standing. During this time Blacks also shift politically to a majority supporting the democratic party for the first time in history.

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