Automotive Sales, Stakeholder Relationships, Mass and Custom Production

Today’s technologies and customer requests are changing day by day. Producers and intermediaries want to keep their expenses at a lower level, while reaching all requests of customers. In line with these expectations, different systems and innovations have emerged in vehicle transportation. Many different perspectives on technological innovations, different transportation systems, innovative warehouse solutions, determining the demands and needs of consumers in vehicle supply chain and market have been mentioned and many articles have been written for safe and low-cost transportation for vehicle transportation.

Car distribution system seems like a basic process but has many different perspectives. Transportation part has various modes such as seaway, roadway, railway and airway. Generally, seaway, roadway and railway are used for car distribution system. Also, these modes are combined for the most effective transportation that decrease transportation cost and producers’ profit increase. Intermodal transportation usage is beneficial for producers but lead time is also important in customers’ side.

When organizing transportation modes, lead time and cost should be balanced.

Looking just producers’ side is wrong because distribution part also interest customers. Companies can create value with car distribution, different segments create their own transportation and delivering system. Segment is explained as mass and call order production or high/ low price car. Companies that produce car in huge quantity try to decrease transportation cost, so they don’t too much care about value creating in transportation part just care about deliver without any damage.

However, high segment car producers create value during transportation and delivering process, for example these companies carry just one car in a container and deliver directly end-user and sometimes delivering part is used for effect customer.

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Cars are expensive and in huge size so carrying is hard without damage. Different technics and sometimes technology are used to carry safe. Because, customers too much care about damage even if this damage is just fine scratch. Every country has their own custom regulations, and this custom process can take much time. In this waiting time, cars wait in open store without any protection or cover. Cars can be damaged in this time. On the other hand, warehouses should be secure for car, so warehouses should be designed proper for cars. There might be risks either open area storage and close area storage.

The article of “Part Logistics in the Automotive Industry” focused on thetransportation modes and lead time.In automotive industry, mass production and customization cars, JIT (just-in-time) approach, growing product variety affect all logistics system of automotive industry such as equipment type, choosing supplier with long or short-term agreement, final assembly line, employees etc. This research paper tries to describe all logistics activities from call order to return of empty container in automotive industry, by using different kind of existing articles, surveys and researches. Part logistics is analyzed with details, decision problems are defined using existing articles, methods. Also, future research questions are described.

Furthermore, in the article of Carrying Capacity Procurement of Rail and Shipping Services for Automobile Delivery with Uncertain Demand, also focused on transportation types, intermodal transportation and cost reduction issues.Automobile manufacturers organize car delivery except production and automobile manufacturers cannot make profit in increasing uncertain delivery demand situation. This case study aims that minimize car delivery cost with using optimal carrying capacity method in intermodal transportation system (combination of different transportation modes).

In this article, formulated two-stage stochastic programming model apply to Shanghai Automobile Industry Corporation that relevant with case study. Different approaches give different results in this case and it will create new research opportunities in future. The next article is thatThe 3DayCar Logistics Study How to Organize Automotive Logistics in a Build-to-Order Environment mentioned about also transportation type and mass production. Transportation automobiles from assembly plant to dealer or direct to final customer, this process is named outbound logistics of automobile industry.

This research focused on outbound logistics in car market. This paper’s aim is to evaluate 3DayCar and delivery of car possibleness with each other. According to the article, this system can be applied if necessary, arrangements are made in only mass production cars, this system is not suitable for call order cars. If manufacturer, logistics providers, dealers apply this system, 3DayCar will be achieved and in future, greater efficiency and lower environmental effect will be possible. Like other articles which mentioned above, using seaports in distribution logistics of cars on the example of Toyota company article claims that the importance of seaports at some places and sea transportation efficiently. Correctly usage of ports and logistics activities minimize logistics costs. Automobiles are expensive and high-volume products and they are carried by Ro-Ro shipment.

Especially, it talked about Grimsby port and some Spain ports. This article used analytical and interpretive research. Thus, some of the stakeholders (logistics companies, forwarders, employees of the ports, consumers) satisfy about car distribution processes and costs. Design ideas of removable vehicle racking container in logistics of passenger cars article focus on efficient usage of container on car distribution channel.

According to their researches there is a few ways to carry cars in container. The article aim is increasing the number of cars in one container and getting more profit from one sea delivery. They mentioned the importance of containers in the market, types of them and how does the racking systems use now. They found a solution of new racking system but not for existing containers, the solution applicable for only 53’ containers. To sum up, racking systems for nowadays is the most effective ones, we can implement the same system to 53’ container we can 6 cars at ones, but it is not suitable at the moment.

Supply and stocking systems in the UK car marketarticle mentioned about that cost reduction especially storage costs. The aim of this article is to minimize over-supply, reduction of inventories to reduce storage cost. Besides consumer-oriented production is being produced. Manufacturers produce lots of cars, stocks are increasing thus, storage and logistics costs are increasing in UK car market. Also, UK is middle point that delivering products to Europe.

For this article, was interviewed from some people and these aremanufacturers (M) 3 interviews in UK,14 in total; manufacturers (NSCs) 10 interviews in each market and dealers 15 interviews.

As a result of this research, manufacturers and National Sales Companies pay attention to maintain the production-distribution-consumer balance. Thus, customer satisfaction is provided, and stocking costs are reduced. Another focused point of next articles is customer satisfaction Distribution intensity and new car choice article was written to evaluate how changes in distribution networks will be preferred according to consumer needs. It focused on car distribution intensity and included some brands for giving example (Honda, Toyota, Nissan etc.). This article got profit from mathematical modelling.

As a result of this study, was examined the empirical relationship between distribution intensity and brand choice decisions of new car buyers. Another article is Luxury car owners are not happier than frugal car owners. With the car entering our lives, humanity provided convenience in all areas. In addition, traffic accidents, environmental pollution, such as issues cannot be ignored. Considering these, it was ensured that the car made us happy. Happiness has been the main subject of this research in the matter of whether the car is luxurious or whether it can make every person happy in a caring car.

For example, the luxury car (Audi, Lexus, BMW), the happiness of the purchase of Toyota or Honda brand is considered to be given. Luxury buying is always known to bring happiness.The data provided by the research, this article, the luxury car, more than the car is the happiness of the car did not bring happiness. The luxury and thrifty car provided are the same as the facilities for convenience and freedom. You believe that only a luxury vehicle will make you a more special person.

McFerran stated this as follows; Luxury consumption can make people feel like a sense of accomplishment, but for other people, the luxury vehicle means arrogance. That means luxury consumption is wasted for many people. As a result of this research, it is seen that the luxury car initially brings more happiness than other cars. However, the detailed characteristics and results were different. In particular, this research is supported by luxury car users to make the research more accurate. In addition, the economy is also frugal tools that keep the balance. As a result, luxury car users are nothappier than frugal car users.The other important points are technology and innovations in the logistics process.

A Coordinated Control Algorithm based on the Caster-like Motion for a Car Transportation System is iCART article describes the areas of use, features and how the iCART (Intelligent Cooperative Autonomous Transport) automobile transport system works. Cars are easily damaged during transportation. The iCART application aims to develop a more controlled and professional workplace by reducing the damage to the minimum level. In the content of the article, the following topics are Slip at the contact of the robot with the car, Caster-lime motion, Motion control of each robot, Trajectory estimation base on the caster-like motion and experiment. The system consists of two robots and this robot carries the vehicle based on the motion control algorithm.

It can be said that he developed a portable system easily in every field and condition. In order to prevent the drift of the robots in contact with the car, the motion control algorithm based on the wheel movement is applied to the vehicle transport system by iCART. Even if the position of the car changes due to slip, this algorithm is not affected. The system is controlled and tested based on the trajectory estimate on the movement like caster. Each of the algorithms is tested and validated with an equation. Each of the algorithms is tested and validated with an equation.

In this paper, iCART is defined based on the coordinated control algorithm. Since the car is in heavy contact with the robot, it touches the ground and therefore a great friction occurs. The next target of the system is derivation coordinated control algorithm based on the wheels, motion that reduces the effect of friction force. In these processes, customs procedures and sanctions vary according to each country. So, in this article focused on the custom procedures and the seaports process.

Mutual Specialization,Seaports and the geography of automobile imports article includes freight transport and public authorities, as well as carriers in freight transport operations. He also drew little attention to the relations between these actors and advocated a more actor-focused approach. Today, globalization is speed and advantage. It is seen as an advantage that the actor-oriented approach focuses on the fact that global logistics flows can become fixed in some regions. Based on the rise of freight transport operations, transport industry consolidation and role information technology, it has attempted to emphasize the global dimensions of the debate. Ports are seen as a structural disadvantage in global freight transport. Since 1980, there has been a debate on the geography of port imports by automobile importers.

That is, the need to secure marine terminals for vehicle processing activities is the driving factor in port selection. While the import transactions of individual firms were concentrated in less ports, the distribution of automobile imports in general was not more concentrated. When it is realized that there are significant differences in the strategies and relationships between the various actors, it is important for individual auto importers to organize these logistics functions, although all auto importers have access to at least some terminal areas to address automobile imports, and significant differences in policy responses to this demand for the terminal area of port authorities It has been.

The resulting geography emerges from the intersection of certain company strategies and port policies, and the concept of mutual specialization tries to explain the selective nature of this process. Another article is distribution strategies for volume and Premium brands in highly competitive consumer markets. This article focuses on the strategies of distribution for Premium and volume brands. Which means that both brands have their own way to distribute their cars. Although these brands implementing push or pull strategies in their market. In the article they used the information from interviews which made with manufacturers, importers, dealers and industry experts.

These interviews made in the UK, Australia, Germany, Spain and Sweden with the answers they concern about channel design and effects of the distribution way on brand image. To sum up, volume brands cannot use pull system, even if the more profitable for them it could bring huge problems for their manufacturers. Premium brands have no problem about implementing that strategy on their market and it has no bad image at all.

These articles which we searched and reviewed have provided us to understand the issues of vehicle transportation procedures, automobile industry, customer requests, innovations coming with today’s technologies, innovations mad efor safe and low cost, different transportation systems, storage, customs procedures, and vehicle supply chain market.

In light of these ideas, we have analyzed the use of a wide range of systems for different countries and different companies. We have also understood that many different procedures are being followed when mass production and special production are carried out. In addition to enabling us to learn all the procedures, these articles have enabled us to be aware of the new technological systems. These analyzes will guide us in our car transportation project.

References

1. John S. Kiff. 1997. Supply and Stocking Systems in the UK Car Market. International Journal of Physical Distribution& Logistics Management.
2. Z. Lukasik&A.M. Wasowicz. 2015. Using Seaports in Distribution Logistics of Cars on the Toyota Company. International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation.
3. Randolp E., S., Jorge M. 2008. Distribution Intensity and New Car Choice. Journal of Marketing Research.
4. Mitsuru Endo, K. H. K. S.M.N.N.K. 2009. A Coordinated Control Algorithm based on the Caster-like Motion for a Car Transportation System -iCART-. International Conference on Robotics and Automation.
5. Adam Okulicz, N. T. 2015. Luxury car owners are not happier than frugal car owners. International Review of Economics.
6. Peter Hall. 2003. Mutual specialisation, seaports and the geography of automobile imports. Journal of Economic and Social Geography.
7. Nils Boysen, E. H. K. 2015. Part logistics in the automotive industry: Decision problems,literature review and research agenda. European Journal of Operational Research.
8. Qiang Meng, H. W. M. 2015. Carrying capacity procurement of rail and shipping services for automobile delivery with uncertain demand. Transportation Research Part E.
9. Matthias Holweg, M. W. 2001. The 3DayCar Logistics Study-How to organise Automotive Logistics in a Build-to-Order Environment. Journal of Purchasing Management.
10. William Jordan, T. 1983. A Stochastic, Dynamic Network Model for Railroad Car Distribution. Journal Transportaion Science.
11. Bernd Hentschel, G. 2018. Design ideas of removable vehicle racking container in logistics of transport of passenger cars. Scientific Journal of Logistics.