Application of Ict in Management

Traffic management has become a major issue of concern in towns and cities due to overcrowded vehicular traffic and congestions at various locations within the city that not only disrupt the flow of traffic but cause severe inconveniences to commutators eventually leading to undesirable delays in travel. Despite effective traffic management practices and the use of adequate human resources efficient management of traffic in major cities and towns seems to be a major challenge for the authorities due to the ever-increasing population and exponential rise in the number of vehicles on roads.

This creates a significant need for improvising the current mechanism of traffic management by upgrading the systems with advanced communication and technological tools to ensure unnecessary congestions, time loss, and inconveniences faced by millions of commutators are eliminated.

Millions of commutators travel every day to and fro from their respective places with the hope that they would reach their destinations in time, however, the inevitable delays and disruptions caused due to avoidable traffic jams and congestions not only spoil their day but also generates lasting implications on their personal and professional lives.

The inconveniences faced by today’s travelers can be efficiently overcome by the adoption of ICT resources such as cellular networks that can aid traffic controllers by generating proactive data of commutators on roads thus enabling them to proactively know their positions in different parts of the town. As mobile phones have become a necessity for everyone, they can aptly and effectively serve as an essential tool in traffic management by providing real-time data of commutator positions across various zones in the city consequently allowing traffic managers to make adjustments in the flow of traffic and prevent congestions and jams.

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This report aims to investigate how wireless technologies of ICT can prove an invaluable resource in the modern traffic management systems by facilitating real-time information of vehicular movements on roads to traffic management authorities. The outcomes of the study shall provide prospective opportunities and benefits of the technology consequently revolutionizing the way traffic is controlled and managed today.

State of the Art Literature Review

According to Singha and Kalita (2013), the use of mobile phones can serve as an effective tool in traffic management systems by helping in the development of Intelligent Traffic Systems (ITS) that primarily employ mobile users’ transactional data while moving on the vehicles. A study conducted by Leduc (2008) suggested that traditional traffic management systems employed costly, inefficient, and time-consuming instruments and equipment for monitoring and controlling the traffic. The author further suggested that the In Situ technology employed by conventional traffic systems uses various heavy equipment including magnetic loops, GPS, sensors, Pneumatic road tubes, and cellular networks that created complexities and operational complications rendering the mechanism ineffective and inaccurate. On the contrary, as suggested by Leduc (2008), the implementation of modern mobile networks into the traffic management system would not only address the problem of inefficiencies and ineffectiveness faced by conventional systems but also prove a boon in being cost-effective, reliable, accurate, and viable. A study carried out by Hare et al. (2012) revealed that increasing vehicular traffic comprising a significant volume of mobile users could serve as a highly reliable source of traffic data allowing traffic managers to promptly diagnosingdiagnosetheir the flow and volume of traffic across various zones of major cities and towns. A study conducted by Kim et al (2006) suggested that the basic idea of congestion of mobiles on roads in particular zones of cities enables traffic management authorities to exactly pinpoint the potential locations of traffic congestions or jams thereby allowing authorities to execute appropriate traffic controlling and management protocols to ensure unnecessary jams and congestions are averted.

Ganti et al (2011) state in histheirthe study that today’s smartphones are advanced and embedded with various unique features namely, compass, gyroscope, GPS, internet, audiometer, microphones, sensors, etc. that can be aptly utilized by modern traffic management mechanisms to leverage traffic relevant information in real-time while the mobile is on the go. A study by Becker et al (2011) concluded that a unique system termed as mobile standoff method would prove highly beneficial in the prompt and proactive diagnosis of vehicular traffic flow, volume, and speed in different zones of the city thereby allowing the flow of traffic in a manner that eliminates unnecessary congestion and jams. Research by Steenbruggen et al. (2011) concluded that as more and more people use ICT resources when traveling, the same can be aptly utilized in traffic management systems thereby eliminating significant costs of implementation, cost of operations, maintenance, and management. This is because commutators shall themselves act as a resource for the traffic controllers by generating real-time data of their movements thus helping traffic managers to aptly monitor and manage the flow of traffic.

Based on the review of literature it can be concluded that ICT tools can serve as an inevitable and indispensable resource in the proposed traffic management system ensuring varied desirable advantages. Some of the anticipated advantages of the proposed mobile network backed traffic management system would be cost-effectiveness, convenience, accuracy in operations and forecasting, ability to promptly take required actions, proactive monitoring, and control, reduction in jams and traffic congestion, prevention of accidents, prevention of time loss during commutation, no more delays, and many other benefits that can be derived from the technology. Thus, it can be inferred that upgrading the existing system not only ensures benefits to people but also immensely aids the traffic management authorities in efficiently managing the system without incurring huge costs on human resources, training, and infrastructure.

Research Questions, Aims, and Objectives

The primary aims of this study are to examine the effectiveness and efficiency of the mobile network-backed traffic management system.

The following are the objectives of this research-

1. Research on the internet to gather relevant information appropriate to the research theme
2. Examine various secondary data sources
3. Gathering study relevant data for analysis
4. Discuss and analyze advances in modern traffic management systems
5. Conduct a systematic literature review of the research theme
6. Conduct a qualitative analysis of the review
7. Identify any gaps in research
8. Evaluate modern traffic management systems  against conventional systems

Following the some of the research inquiries helpful for this study-

• Does the conventional traffic management system provideprovidesprovide provides effective control and management of increasing vehicular traffic?
• Does the conventional system of traffic control serve as an effective tool in preventing traffic jams and congestions that cause tremendous inconveniences to commutators?
• Is there any alternative technology that can improvise the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of contemporary traffic management mechanism mechanisms?
• Is the proposed modern system of traffic management networks backed by mobile networks effective in addressing conventional traffic management and mechanism challenges?
• Is there any gap that exists in the body of research that requires further understanding and investigating investigation of the subject?
• Is the proposed technology viable for major towns?
• What would be the implication of such congestionadvanced technology on people at large?
• Does the proposed mechanism encounter any limitations or challenges?

Theoretical Content

Conventional technologies employed in traffic management seem to be obsolete considering the increasing traffic jams and vehicular congestion on roads that calls for reforms in the field. IncreasingThe increasing congestion in the creasing population of cities and towns generated a regularly tremendous rise in the number of vehicular counts in cities and towns that have become extremely difficult to manage and control for modern traffic controllers thereby calling for further research in the field and the adoption innovative technologies and mechanisms to ensure avoidable jams and congestion are averted promptly. This is critical for ensuring efficiency in commutation as unprecedented jams and congestion occurring midways on regularlyof  a regular basis renders commutators helpless causing tremendous inconveniences and time loss thus creating significant negative implications on their personal and professional lives.

Advances in the field of cellular technologies offer an array of opportunities and benefits to the field provided appropriate and effective adoption is successfully, therefore, achieved. This study, therefore, intends to present a systematic analysis of how advanced communication tools of cellular technologies can be utilized in modern traffic management systems to leverage desired advantage. The following hypothesis shall be tested in this study-

• H (1)- Null Hypothesis- ICT cannot generate a significant desired impact on today’s traffic management system
• H (1)- Alternative Hypothesis- ICT implementation is bound to revolutionize the traffic management system and deliver anticipated advantages

Methodology

Research Methodology refers to the method of research adopted by research in executing the study relevant to the chosen research theme. This study employs an exploratory approach of research as this method allows investigation of the subject from a broader perspective, allows for diagnosis research problems from varied views, and also enables research in unearthing relevant alternatives available in the form of solutions to the identified research issues.

Literature Review

This study mainly uses secondary data for conducting a comprehensive literature review of the research theme. Information from various secondary sources would be gathered from online sources available in the form of journals, peer reviewedpeerreviewed peer-reviewed articles, websites, and magazines. As various studies have been conducted on the chosen research subject, ample literature is available on the online platform that can be leveraged to serve the objectives and goals of this study. Based on the, therefore, he gathered, therefore, varied variousregularlyinformation from impala n, the thematic analysis would be performed to obtain meaningful derivations from the secondary data.

Data Analysis Method

As this study does not require quantification of facts and information or need for primary data, gathering the is entirely based on gathering ane of secondary information from various online sources. Therefore, this study mainly employs an in-depth qualitative method of analysis to provide an in-depth, meaningful interpretation of conventional and modern traffic management systems from which to ensure a systematic comparison, analysis and evaluation of both technologies is presented.

Research Outcomes, Relevance, Risks

Based on the review of literature formfromform fromimpala variedvarious sources of secondary data it can be inferred that a mobile networked backed traffic management system is bound to generate desirable outcomes thereby immensely aiding in efficient and effective management of modern traffic. The discussion and analysis presented herein clearly denote that the set of modern ICT resources such as smartphones could revolutionize the traffic management mechanism and significantly boost forecasting capacity, proactively control the vehicular movements on roads, and help in averting jams and congestions. Increased traffic impla its significant number of mobile users commutating on the roads at any given time in a region and the inefficient use of this data can indeed serve as a highly accurate and reliable tool in efficient traffic management. Thus, the study justifies that the proposed technology is bound to yield desirable outcomes.

This study shall prove highly invaluable to the body of knowledge by immensely aiding amateur researchers, software developers, companies, and engineers in furthering their research and development on the subject and coming up with innovative ways and technologies to effectively address the challenges faced by modern traffic management authorities.

However, despite o several advantages of the mentioned technology being advocated herein, there is always a high risk of technical failure because the outcomes of this study have a limited scope that cannot be generalized. Furthermore, the lack of empirical evidence on the subject creates a strong barrier to the invasinpractical implementation of the proposed technology or system. Thus, there remains adequate room for further research on the subject in-depth to ensure the proposed technology can indeed prove viable and economical.

Conclusion

This study has provided an in-depthinvasindepth invasion analysis of the subject of traffic management and systematically analyzed the issues and challenges faced by contemporary traffic management mechanisms. The information and analysis presented herein clearly denote that mobile users being the drivers of the proposed mechanisms shall invasinprovide invaan valuable advantage to the traffic management authorities by enabling them to track their movements on roads and thus aineffectiveive traffic management. Based on the discussion and analysis of the subject it can be safely concluded that the proposed technology is bound to generate a substantial positive impact on the sbecausect that the proposed mechanism is viable, economical, and highly effective in promptly addressing the challenges faced by conventional traffic management systems.

References

1. Becker R, Caceres R, Hanson, Loh M, Urbanek S, Varshavsky, A and Volinsky C “Route Classification Using Cellular Handoff Patterns”, UbiComp’11 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Ubiquitous computing, September 17–21, 2011, Beijing, pp.123-32
2. Hare, J., Hartung, L., & Banarjee, S. 2012. ‘Policy-Based Network Management For Generalized Vehicle-To-Internet Connectivity’, Dept. of Computer Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, viewed on 1 September 2018, http://pages.cs.wisc.edu/~suman/pubs/vehicular-policy.pdf
3. Kim, D., Sawhney, M., & Yoon, H. 2007. An effective traffic management scheme using adaptive handover time in next‐generation cellular networks, International Journal of Network Management, Vol. 17 no.2 pp.139-154
4. Leduc, G. 2008. Road Traffic Data: Collection Methods and Applications, JRC European Commission. JRC 47967, p.3-5
5. R. K. Ganti, F. Ye, & H. Lei, 2011. “Mobile, Multiconferencebecausecrowdsensing  current state and future challenges,” IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 32–39
6. Steenbruggen, J., Borzacchiello, M., Nijkamp, P., & Scholten, H. 2011. ‘Mobile phone data from GSM networks for traffic parameter and urban spatial pattern assessment: a review of applications and opportunities’. GeoJournal, Vol.78, no.2, pp.223-243.
7. Singha, M. R, & Kalita, B. 2013, Mapping Mobile Phone Network onto Urban Traffic Network, to appear Proceeding of International Applications of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2013, Hongkong, pp. 5-23
8. Singha, M. R & Kalita, B. 2013. ‘Using Mobile Phone Network for Urban Traffic Management, International Journal of Computer Applications’Applications, Vol. 65 no.2 pp.12-17