Sensation: Color and Absolute Threshold

Sensation and Perception

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Key: Answer, Page, Type, Learning Objective, Level Type A=Applied C=Conceptual F=Factual Level (1)=Easy; (2)=Moderate; (3)=Difficult LO=Learning Objective SG=Used in Study Guide p=page MULTIPLE CHOICE The ABCs of Perception Learning Objective- 3. 1 What is sensation and how does it enter the central nervous system? 1. ______ are the raw data of experience, based on the activation of certain receptors located in the various sensory organs.

a)Perceptions Incorrect. Perception is the mental process of sorting, identifying, and arranging the raw data of experience into meaningful patterns.

Sensations are the raw data of experience. b) Emotions c)Cognitions d)Sensations Correct. Sensations are the raw data of experience based on receptor activation. ANS: d, p. 84, C, LO=3. 1, (1) 2. ______ is the mental process of making sense of sensory information. a)Abstraction b)Sensation Incorrect.

Sensation is the activation of the receptors. Perception is the mental process of making sense of sensory information. c)Perception Correct. Perception is the mental process of making sense of sensory information. d. Consciousness ANS: c, p. 83, C, LO=3. 1, (2) 3. Activation of the receptors by stimuli is called ________. a)perception

Incorrect. Perception is the mental process of sorting, identifying, and arranging the raw data of experience into meaningful patterns. Sensation is the activation of the receptors. b)sensation Correct. Sensation is the activation of the receptors by stimuli. c)adaptation d)habituation ANS: b, p.

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84, F, LO=3. 1, (1) 4. Cells that are triggered by light, vibrations, sounds, touch, or chemical substances are called ________. a) ganglion cells Incorrect. Ganglion cells are connector neurons that come into play later in the process. They take information from receptors and related cells and then send it on for more processing.

Receptors respond directly to stimuli. b) bipolar cells c) ossicles d) sensory receptors Correct. Cells that are triggered by light, vibrations, sounds, touch, or chemical substances are called sensory receptors; examples are rods, cones, and hair cells. ANS: d, p. 84, F, LO=3. 1, (2) 5. The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ______. a) absolute threshold Correct. The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the absolute threshold. b) range threshold c) difference threshold Incorrect.

The difference threshold is the smallest difference between two stimuli that a person can detect 50 percent of the time it is presented. d) noticeable threshold ANS: a, p. 84, C, LO=3. 1, (3) SG 6. The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with ______. a) separation threshold b) response threshold Incorrect. Response threshold is not a term used in the text. The term just noticeable difference is the correct synonym. c) difference threshold Correct. The term just noticeable difference is synonymous with difference threshold and refers to the detection of change. d) absolute threshold

ANS: c, p. 84, F, LO=3. 1, (2) 7. The lowest intensity of a particular stimulus that enables the average person to detect that stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ___________. a) absolute threshold Correct. The absolute threshold is the lowest intensity of a particular stimulus that enables the average person to consciously detect that stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented. b) difference threshold c) just noticeable difference d) psychophysical threshold Incorrect. There is no such term as psychophysical threshold. ANS: a, p. 85, F, LO=3. 1, (2) 8.

The smallest amount of a particular stimulus required to produce any sensation at all in the person to whom the stimulus is presented is the ______. a) absolute threshold Correct. The smallest amount of a particular stimulus required to produce any sensation at all in a person is the absolute threshold. Below that level the stimulus cannot be detected reliably. b) minimum threshold Incorrect. The smallest amount of a stimulus required to produce any sensation at all in a person is the absolute threshold. The term minimum would seem to be correct, but it is not used. c) difference threshold ) noticeable threshold ANS: a, p. 85, F, LO=3. 1, (1) 9. The difference threshold is defined as the degree of change in a stimulus level that is required in order for a person to detect a change _____ of the time. a) 25 percent b) 75 percent Incorrect. The difference threshold is defined as the degree of change in a stimulus level that is required in order for a person to detect it 50 percent of the time. c) 50 percent Correct. The difference threshold is defined as the degree of change in a stimulus level that is required in order for a person to detect it 50 percent of the time. d) 100 percent ANS: c, p. 4, F, LO=3. 1, (3) 10. The lowest stimulus intensity required for detection is the ______ and the smallest noticeable difference between a standard stimulus intensity and another stimulus value is the ______. a) absolute threshold; difference threshold Correct. The lowest stimulus intensity required for detection is the absolute threshold, and the smallest noticeable difference between a standard stimulus intensity and another stimulus value is the difference threshold. b) base value; just noticeable difference (jnd) c) response criterion; sensory constant d) difference threshold; absolute threshold

Incorrect. The lowest stimulus intensity required for detection is the absolute threshold, whereas the smallest noticeable difference between a standard stimulus intensity and another stimulus value is the difference threshold. ANS: a, p. 84–85, C, LO=3. 1, (3) 11. The principle that the just noticeable difference of any given sense is a constant fraction or proportion of the stimulus being judged is called the ______. a) the opponent-process principle Incorrect. The opponent-process principle refers to a concept regarding color vision. b) the doctrine of specific nerve energies c) the phi phenomenon ) Weber’s law Correct. Weber’s law describes how change detection is based on a proportion of the stimulus intensity. ANS: d, p. 84, C, LO=3. 1, (3) 12. When Ann went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor presented tones to Ann through earphones. The tones started at a low intensity and then became louder. The doctor asked Ann to raise her hand whenever she started to hear a sound. The doctor was testing Ann’s ______. a) auditory convergence b) absolute threshold Correct. The doctor was testing Ann’s absolute threshold or the softest sound she could detect. ) refractory threshold d) difference threshold Incorrect. The doctor was testing Ann’s absolute threshold, not her ability to detect a difference or change. ANS: b, p. 84–85, A, LO=3. 1, (3) 13. Some people believe that _______ are messages that can be sent to consumers, prompting them to buy a product without their being aware of receiving such messages. a) selective perceptions b) subliminal stimuli Correct. Subliminal stimuli are believed to operate at an unconscious level, meaning that people would be unaware of having perceived them. c) inductive perceptions d) below threshold perceptions Incorrect.

Below threshold perceptions would refer to stimuli that are too weak to be perceived, not necessarily to those that are perceived on an unconscious level. ANS: b, p. 85, C, LO=3. 1, (3) 14. Laverne goes to a movie theater to watch her favorite movie. About halfway through the movie she becomes aware of an overpowering hunger for popcorn. What she doesn’t realize is that throughout the first part of the movie, a message saying “Eat Popcorn! ” was repeatedly flashed on the screen at a speed too fast for her to be consciously aware of it. If her desire for popcorn is due to that message, she is responding to ______. ) selective perception Incorrect. Selective perception would refer to a choice between above threshold stimuli. b) subliminal perception Correct. She is responding to subliminal perception, which is not consciously detected. c) cognitive restructuring d) stroboscopic perception ANS: b, p. 85, A, LO=3. 1, (3) 15. One problem with Vicary’s study of subliminal perception is that _______________. a) it demonstrated the validity of the concept of subliminal perception Incorrect. Vicary’s study never happened, and subliminal perception has not been shown to be useful. ) it did not prove that people actually bought more colas and popcorn for several months after seeing the movie c) it showed that subliminal stimuli had only very small effects on consumer patterns d) it never happened Correct. As it turned out, Vicary’s study never actually happened, and other researchers were unable to duplicate the results Vicary claimed he got. ANS: d, p. 85, F, LO=3. 1, (2) 16. Ernest Weber provided a formulation that is used to determine the ______________. a) largest detectable stimulus b) smallest detectable stimulus Incorrect.

Weber did not focus on the absolute threshold but is known instead for his work on the just noticeable difference (jnd). c) largest detectable difference between two stimuli d) smallest detectable difference between two stimuli Correct. Weber provided a formulation that is used to predict the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli. ANS: d, p. 84, F, LO=3. 1, (3) 17. The average threshold for human vision is a candle flame seen from ______ on a dark, clear night. a) 1 mile b) 15 miles Incorrect. The average threshold for human vision is a candle flame seen from 30 miles. c) 7. 5 miles d) 30 miles

Correct. The average threshold for human vision is a candle flame seen from 30 miles. ANS: d, p. 85, A, LO=3. 1, (3) 18. We can see a candle flame at 30 miles on a clear, dark night, and we can hear the tick of a watch 20 feet away in a quiet room. These two facts are examples of ____________. a) jnds b) difference threshold Incorrect. Difference threshold has to do with the detection of changes, not the lowest detectable stimulus level. c) adaptation d) absolute thresholds Correct. These are absolute thresholds, as they are at the lower limits of our detection. ANS: d, p. 85, C, LO=3. 1, (2) 19.

The average threshold for human hearing is the tick of a watch from ______ under very quiet conditions. a) 20 feet Correct. The average threshold for human hearing is the tick of a watch from 20 feet under very quiet conditions. b) 60 feet c) 40 feet d) 80 feet Incorrect. The average threshold for human hearing is the tick of a watch from 20 feet under very quiet conditions. ANS: a, p. 85, F, LO=3. 1, (3) Learning Objective 3. 2- How can some sensations be ignored? 20. When you first put your hat on, you can feel it quite easily, but after a while, you forget that you are wearing a hat at all—the sensation is gone.

What happens? a) sensory fatigue Incorrect. Sensory fatigue is not the proper term, though it sounds like it could be correct. b) subliminal perception c) habituation Correct. Habituation is the process by which the lower centers of the brain sort through sensory stimulation and “ignore,” or prevent conscious attention to, stimuli that do not change. d) perceptual defense ANS: c, p. 86, A, LO=3. 2, (2) 21. The process by which unchanging information from the senses of taste, touch, smell, and vision is “ignored” by the sensory receptors is called __________________. a)transformation b)adaptation

Correct. The process by which unchanging information from the senses of taste, touch, smell, and vision is “ignored” by the sensory receptors is called adaptation, and it prevents us from being bombarded by constant sensations. c)transmutation Incorrect. Transmutation is the process of turning one object or element into another and is not relevant to the sensory process described. d)transduction ANS: b, p. 86, C, LO=3. 2, (3) 22. In the process known as_____________, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus. a)sensation b)sensory fatigue Incorrect.

There is no such term as sensory fatigue. c)adaptation Correct. Adaptation is the process whereby receptors become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus. d)discrimination ANS: c, p. 86, C, LO=3. 2, (2) 23. Our eyes don’t adapt completely to a repeated visual stimulus because ______. a)eye movements called saccades cause the stimulus image to vibrate slightly on the retina Correct. Saccades cause the stimulus image to vibrate slightly on the retina and not fade. b)the optic chiasm enables fibers to carry messages to all parts of the brain c)ganglion cells fire continuously Incorrect.

The fact that ganglion cells fire continuously does not explain why our eyes do not adapt completely to a repeated visual stimulus. d)visual acuity is greatest in the fovea ANS: a, p. 86, C, LO=3. 2, (2) 24. Because of what you have learned about sensory adaptation, you might think that if you stared at a picture for a long period of time, the image you see would eventually fade. This would be the case if not for the tiny vibrations of your eye called ______________. a) glissades Incorrect. Glissades are slow, tracking eye movements. Saccades cause the stimulus image to drift slightly on the retina and not fade. b) saccades

Correct. Saccades cause the stimulus image to drift slightly on the retina and not fade. c) habituation movements d) light wave responses ANS: b, p. 86, F, LO=3. 2, (1) SG 25. Saccades are _______________. a) tiny vibrations of the eye that prevent images from fading Correct. Saccades are the tiny vibrations of the eye that prevent images from fading by avoiding image stabilization. b) the tiny bones in the ear that transmit sound waves to the cochlea Incorrect. The tiny bones in the ear are called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. c) the photoreceptors in the eye responsible for night vision d) pain receptors in the limbs

ANS: a, p. 86, F, LO=3. 2, (1) Science of Seeing Learning Objective 3. 3- What is light? 26. The term photon refers to _______________. a) the smallest possible unit of light Correct. The smallest possible unit of light is known as a photon. b) a torpedo used by the USS Enterprise c) the smallest unit of sound d) the property of light that gives us the perception of color Incorrect. The smallest possible unit of light is known as a photon. ANS: a, p. 87, F, LO=3. 3, (1) 27. Which pairing of name and property of light is correct? a) Helmholtz; particle nature (photon) Incorrect.

At Helmholtz’s time, the true dual nature of light (waves and particle) was not yet understood. b) Holstein; wave nature c) Newton; wave nature d) Einstein; particle nature (photon) Correct. Einstein’s work was central to our understanding of the dual nature of light. ANS: d, p. 87, F, LO=3. 3, (3) 28. The shortest wavelengths that we can see are experienced as ______ colors. a)red Incorrect. Red is associated with the longest wavelengths, not the shortest. b)blue Correct. Blue has the shortest wavelength. c)green d)yellow ANS: b, p. 87, F, LO=3. 3, (1) 29. The longest wavelengths we can see are experienced as ______ colors. )red Correct. Red has the longest wavelength of light that we can perceive. b)blue-violet c)green d)yellow Incorrect. Wavelengths that appear yellow are toward the middle of the visible spectrum. ANS: a, p. 87, F, LO=3. 3, (1) 30. What color would you report seeing if a researcher projects the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum onto a screen? a)red Correct. The human eye sees the longest wavelengths as the color red. b)blue Incorrect. The human eye sees the shortest, not the longest, wavelengths as the color blue. The longest wavelengths appear red. c)yellow d)violet ANS: a, p. 87, F, LO=3. 3, (1) 31.

Erin has learned to create a “truly red” light by focusing on only one wavelength of the visible spectrum. She is most likely to be concerned with which property of light? a)intensity Incorrect. Intensity determines how bright the light will seem. Saturation, also known as purity, is the correct property of light. A single wavelength usually looks highly saturated. b)decibels c)accommodation d)saturation Correct. Saturation, also known as purity, is the correct property of light. A single wavelength usually looks highly saturated. ANS: d, p. 87, A, LO=3. 3, (3) 32. The visible spectrum refers to the _______________________. ) portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye Correct. The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye. Wavelengths outside the visible spectrum of approximately 400 to 700 nanometers are not visible to humans. b) effect of intensity on how we see dark to grey to white c) effect of the sound density on the perceptions of those with synesthesia d) well-known fact that colors are less visible to some men’s eyes Incorrect. The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the whole spectrum of light that is visible to the human eye. ANS: a, p. 7, F, LO=3. 3, (1) 33. Joachim and Maricella are going for a romantic walk in the park after an afternoon storm. Maricella looks up in the sky and sees a rainbow. She exclaims, “How beautiful! ” Joachim, being something of a geek, might correctly say ______________________ a) “You are just seeing the visible spectrum. ” Incorrect. Joachim would be correct to say she is seeing the visible spectrum, but statements b and c are also correct. b) “That’s because you are seeing all the wavelengths of light we can see from short to long. ” c) “That’s because different wavelengths lead to the perception of different colors. d) All of these things would be true if Joachim said them. Correct. All of these statements are correct. In viewing a rainbow, we see the visible spectrum with all the wavelengths of light, and the different wavelengths lead to the perception of different colors. ANS: d, p. 87, A, LO=3. 3, (3) 34. Light is said to have a dual nature, meaning it can be thought of in two different ways. These two ways are _________________. a) particles and photons Incorrect. Light comes in indivisible particles called photons but does demonstrate the properties of waves.

Because particles and photons mean the same thing in this answer, they do not indicate a dual nature. b) waves and frequencies c) photons and waves Correct. Light comes in indivisible particles called photons but does demonstrate the properties of waves. d) dark light, daylight ANS: c, p. 87, F, LO=3. 3, (2) SG Learning Objective 3. 4- How do the parts of the eye work together? 35. When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the _________________. a)iris b)lens Incorrect. The lens is transparent but is located inside the eye. The cornea is the outer covering. c)pupil d)cornea Correct.

When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the cornea. ANS: d, p. 88, F, LO=3. 4, (1) SG 36. What is the pupil of the eye? a)It is the white part of the eye. b)It is the colored part of the eye. Incorrect. The colored part of the eye is the iris. c)It is the location of the visual receptors. d) It is the small opening in the center of the eye. Correct. The pupil is the small opening in the center of the eye. ANS: d, p. 89, C, LO=3. 4, (2) 37. When we describe someone’s eyes as blue, technically we are referring to his or her blue ________. a)pupils Incorrect. The pupil is the hole formed by the iris. )irises Correct. The iris is the colored part of the eye. c)corneas d)scleras ANS: d, p. 89, A, LO=3. 4, (2) 38. Which part of the eye is a muscle that regulates the size of the pupil? a) iris Correct. The iris is a muscle that controls pupil size. b) lens Incorrect. The lens changes shape in order to focus on near or far objects. The iris controls the pupil size, thereby allowing varying amounts of light to enter. c) retina d) sclera ANS: a, p. 89, C, LO=3. 4, (2) 39. The clear, transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye is the ______. a) fovea b) sclera c) cornea Correct.

The clear, transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye is the cornea. It focuses most of the light entering the eye. d) iris Incorrect. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls the opening of the pupil. The clear, transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye is the cornea. ANS: c, p. 89, F, LO=3. 4, (1) 40. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the ______. a) cornea b) lens Incorrect. The lens acts to focus the light, finishing the process begun by the cornea. The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the pupil. c) pupil Correct.

The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the pupil. d) retina ANS: c, p. 89, F, LO=3. 4, (1) 41. The pupil is the ______. a)opening in the center of the iris Correct. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris and controls the amount of light entering the eye. b)white of the eye c)colored part of the eye Incorrect. The iris is the colored part of the eye that controls pupil size. The pupil is the opening in the center of the iris. d)lining in the back of the eyeball ANS: a, p. 89, F, LO=3. 4, (1) 42. The colored part of the eye that contains muscles to contract or expand the pupil is the ______. a) lens b) iris Correct.

The colored part of the eye that contains muscles to contract or expand the pupil is the iris. c) fovea d) cornea Incorrect. The cornea is the clear, transparent covering of the eye. The colored part of the eye is the iris. ANS: b, p. 88, F, LO=3. 4, (1) 43. Light is focused on the retina by the ______. a)pupil Incorrect. The pupil controls the amount of light entering the eye. Light is focused on the retina by the lens. b)ganglion cells c)lens Correct. Light is focused on the retina by the lens. d)iris ANS: c, p. 89, C, LO=3. 4, (1) 44. The change in the shape of the lens in order to focus on a visual image is known as_______________. )fixation b)divergence c)convergence Incorrect. Convergence is what occurs when the two eyes move in concert to coordinate image location of the fovea of each eye. d)visual accommodation Correct. Accommodation is the change in the shape of the lens to focus and bend the light, which is more or less based on target distance. ANS: d, p. 89, F, LO=3. 4, (1) 45. Which component of the eye contains the visual receptors? a)sclera b)retina Correct. The retina contains the visual receptors called rods and cones. c)cornea d)posterior chamber Incorrect. The posterior chamber is a hollow space in the back of the eye.

The retina contains the visual receptors. ANS: b, p. 89, F, LO=3. 4, (2) 46. Bundles of axons from ganglion cells make up the ______. a)fovea b)optic nerve Correct. Bundles of axons from ganglion cells make up the optic nerve. c)optic schism Incorrect. Optic schism is not a real term. d)rods and cones ANS: b, p. 90, F, LO=3. 4, (2) 47. The place in the retina where the axons of all the ganglion cells come together to leave the eye is called the ______. a)fovea b)blind spot Correct. The blind spot is the place where the ganglion cell axons come together and where there are no receptors for sight. )optic chiasm Incorrect. The optic chiasm is the junction between the optic nerves from both eyes. The blind spot is the place where the axons come together to leave the eye. d)optic nerve ANS: b, p. 90, F, LO=3. 4, (1) Learning Objective 3. 5- How do the eyes see, and how do the eyes see different colors? 48. Why are cones in the fovea capable of sending detailed and precise visual information? a)They connect to bipolar cells in a one-to-one fashion. Correct. Each foveal cone has a direct link to a bipolar cell, which leads to finer acuity. b)Compared to rods, their speed of transmission is faster. )Their cell bodies are highly responsive to neurotransmitters. d)They connect directly to brain centers responsible for visual processing. Incorrect. Cones in the fovea connect to bipolar cells in a one-to-one fashion. Cones do not connect directly to the brain. ANS: a, p. 91, C, LO=3. 5, (3) 49. Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision and fine acuity are ______. a)bipolar cells b)ganglion cells c)rods Incorrect. Rods are for night vision and have poor acuity. Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision are cones. d)cones Correct.

Receptor cells in the retina responsible for color vision are cones. ANS: d, p. 90–91, F, LO=3. 5, (1) 50. It is difficult to distinguish between colors at night because ______. a)we are seeing primarily with the cones b)rods do not adapt to the dark c)we are seeing primarily with the rods Correct. It is difficult to distinguish between colors at night because we are seeing primarily with the rods, and rods are not involved in color processing. d)we are used to seeing mostly with the fovea Incorrect. The fovea is full of cones, which do not function at night or at low light levels. ANS: c, p. 90–91, A, LO=3. 5, (3) 51.

Which of the following phenomena is a function of the distribution of the rods and cones in the retina? a)The moon looks much larger near the horizon than it looks when it is higher in the sky. b)The light from distant stars moving rapidly away from us is shifted toward the red end of the spectrum. c)Stars can be seen only with difficulty during the daytime. Incorrect. A dim star may disappear when you look directly at it but reappear when you look to one side of it as it falls on the rods. d)A dim star viewed at night may disappear when you look directly at it but reappear when you look to one side of it. Correct.

Cones are at the center of the retina and do not function well at night, but rods, located on the periphery of the retina, see well in dim light. ANS: d, p. 90–91, A, LO=3. 5, (3) 52. The fovea is made up of ______. a)all rods and no cones b)mostly cones with some rods Incorrect. The fovea is made up of all cones and no rods. c)mostly rods with some cones d)all cones and no rods Correct. The fovea is made up of all cones and no rods. ANS: d, p. 91, F, LO=3. 5, (3) 53. Which of the following is true about cones? a)They are more sensitive to light than rods. b)They are found mainly in the center of the eye. Correct.

Cones are found mainly in the center of the eye. c)They operate mainly at night. d)They respond only to black and white. Incorrect. Cones are responsible for color. ANS: b, p. 90–91, F, LO=3. 5, (2) SG 54. Which of the following is true of rods? a) They respond to color. Incorrect. Cones, not rods, respond to color. b) They are found mainly in the fovea. c) They operate mainly in the daytime. d) They are responsible for night vision. Correct. Rods are responsible for night vision. ANS: d, p. 90–91, C, LO=3. 5, (2) 55. Which of the following sequences correctly indicates the pathway of nerve impulses on their way from the eye to the brain? )ganglion cells, bipolar cells, receptor cells, optic nerve b)bipolar cells, receptor cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve c)receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve Correct. The correct sequence is receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve. The ganglion cells get information from the bipolar cells, and their axons form the optic nerve. d)receptor cells, bipolar cells, optic nerve, ganglion cells Incorrect. The correct sequence is receptor cells, bipolar cells, ganglion cells, optic nerve. ANS: c, p. 89–90, F, LO=3. 5, (3) 56. Each retina of the eye has about ______ million rods and cones. )1 Incorrect. Each retina of the eye has about 126 million rods and cones. b)75 c) 25 d) 126 Correct. Each retina of the eye has about 126 million rods and cones. ANS: d, p. 90–91, F, LO=3. 5, (3) 57. Receptor cells in the retina responsible for night vision are ______. a)bipolar cells b)ganglion cells c)rods Correct. Receptor cells in the retina responsible for night vision are rods. d)cones Incorrect. Cones are for day vision. Receptor cells in the retina responsible for night vision are rods. ANS: c, p. 91, F, LO=3. 5, (1) 58. Jamie walks from a bright room into a dark room.

It will take about ______ minutes for her rods to fully adjust to the dark. a)10 b)30 Correct. It will take about 30 minutes for her rods to fully adjust to the dark. c)20 d)40 Incorrect. It will take about 30 minutes for her rods to fully adjust to the dark. ANS: b, p. 91, A, LO=3. 5, (2) 59. As it gets darker, older folks have a hard time adjusting to the light levels and seeing well. In some cases, this can be treated with ___________________. a) vitamin A Correct. Vision problems can be treated with vitamin A, as this vitamin is a component of our visual pigments. b) vitamin B Incorrect.

Vitamin B is not at play in retinal physiology. c) vitamin C d) vitamin D ANS: a, p. 91, A, LO=3. 5, (2) 60. The aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red, green, and blue is ______. a)brightness Incorrect. Brightness refers to our perception of light’s intensity. The aspect of color that corresponds to names such as red, green, and blue is hue. b)saturation c)hue Correct. Hue refers to the names we give to various colors. d)fine detail ANS: c, p. 87, C, LO=3. 5, (2) 61. If an artist were to blend red, green, and blue lights together by focusing lights of those three colors on one common spot, the result would look _________. )like nonspectral colors b)black Incorrect. A mix of red, green, and blue light would look like white, whereas mixing these same colors of paint would result in a blackish mess. c)like white light Correct. A mix of red, green, and blue light would look like white. d) complimentary ANS: c, p. 92, A, LO=3. 5, (3) 62. If an artist were to blend red, green, and blue paints together, the result would look _________. a)like nonspectral colors. b)black. Correct. A mix of red, green, and blue paints would look like black. c)like white light. Incorrect.

A mix of red, green, and blue light would look like white, whereas mixing these same colors of paint would result in a blackish mess. d) complimentary. ANS: b, p. 92, A, LO=3. 5, (3) 63. The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red, green, and blue is known as the ______ theory. a)opponent-process Incorrect. The opponent-process theory is based on red versus green and yellow versus blue. b)additive color mixing c)trichromatic Correct. The idea that the eye contains separate receptors for red, green, and blue is known as the trichromatic theory. d)reductive color mixing ANS: c, p. 1, F, LO=3. 5, (2) 64. Helmholtz’s explanation of color vision is called the ______. a)opponent-process theory. Incorrect. Helmholtz’s explanation of color vision is called the trichromatic theory. b)additive color mixing theory. c)trichromatic theory. Correct. Helmholtz’s explanation of color vision is called the trichromatic theory. d)reductive color mixing theory. ANS: c, p. 92, F, LO=3. 5, (2) 65. If you stare for 30 seconds at a red object and then look at a blank sheet of white paper, you will see a greenish image of the object. This phenomenon BEST supports the ______ theory of color vision. )Grieco trichromatic b)opponent-process Correct. The opponent-process theory sees the cones as being arranged in pairs, and red is paired with green. The greenish afterimage demonstrates that fatiguing the eye produces opposite, or opponent, perceptions. c)Helmholtz trichromatic Incorrect. The Helmholtz trichromatic theory proposed three types of cones: red cones, blue cones, and green cones, one for each of the three primary colors of light. d)Hering’s vibration ANS: b, p. 92–93, A, LO=3. 5, (3) 66. Who actually found three types of cones in the retina? a)Young and Helmholtz Incorrect.

Young and Helmholtz theorized about three types of cones; they did not actually find them. b)Hering c)Wald and Brown Correct. Wald and Brown actually found three types of cones. d)Smith and Wesson ANS: c, p. 92, F, LO=3. 5, (3) 67. The trichromatic and opponent-process theories of color vision are not in conflict because each corresponds to ______. a) a different portion of the spectrum Incorrect. The trichromatic and opponent-process theories correspond to a different stage of color processing, and they are no longer separate theories. b) the opposite half of perceivable colors c) one type of color blindness ) a different stage of visual processing Correct. The trichromatic theory is concerned with what happens when light hits the cones in the retina, whereas the opponent-process theory concerns neural signals on their way to the brain. ANS: d, p. 93, C, LO=3. 5, (3) 68. According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the correct pairings of opposite colors are _________________________. a)red versus green and blue versus yellow Correct. According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the correct pairings of opposite colors are redversus green and blue versus yellow. b)black versus gray and white versus colored )blue versus red and green versus yellow d)blue versus green and red versus yellow Incorrect. According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the correct pairings of opposite colors are red versus green and blue versus yellow. ANS: a, p. 92, F, LO=3. 5, (3) 69. Which neural structures show color opponent processing? a) rods, cones b) retinal ganglion cells, lateral geniculate cells Correct. The retinal ganglion cells and lateral geniculate cells show color opponent processing. c) rods and bipolar cells Incorrect. The retinal ganglion cells and lateral geniculate cells show color opponent processing. ) optic sensors and pigment neurons ANS: b, p. 93, F, LO=3. 5, (3) 70. Why do researchers believe color deficiencies often have genetic causes? a)Dietary patterns affect color deficiencies. b)Color perception changes somewhat as we get older. c)Color deficiencies are more common in some cultures. Incorrect. Color deficiencies are about the same from one culture to another. d)More males than females suffer from color deficiencies. Correct. More males than females suffer from color deficiencies due to the sex-linked inheritance of most forms of color blindness. ANS: d, p. 94, C, LO=3. 5, (3) 71.

One of your mother’s siblings is always known for putting together awful-looking colors when getting dressed. Who is this person more likely to be? a) your aunt because women have more problems with color vision b) your uncle because men have more problems with color vision Correct. Men have more problems with color vision due to the sex-linked nature of most forms of color blindness. c) You can’t tell as men and women have an equal chance of having problems with color vision. Incorrect. Men have more problems with color vision. d) Humans rarely have problems with color vision, so this wouldn’t happen. ANS: b, p. 4, A, LO=3. 5, (3) 72. Amy’s school records describe her as a monochromat. What can we assume about Amy’s perceptual abilities? a) She does not see color. Correct. Monochromats do not see color. b)She sees only two colors. Incorrect. Monochromats do not see any colors. c)She sees colors one at a time. d)She cannot remember words used to designate colors. ANS: a, p. 93, A, LO=3. 5, (2) 73. A person with red–green color blindness will see the world in _____________. a) blacks, whites, and grays Incorrect. Blacks, whites, and grays are perceived through our brightness systems and would be unaffected by color blindness. ) muted reds and greens c) blues, yellows, and grays Correct. Red–green color blindness means a person confuses reds and greens, whichlook yellowish to that person. d) yellows, greens, and grays ANS: c, p. 94, A, LO=3. 5, (3) 74. Why do you see a lemon as yellow? a)The lemon absorbs yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum. Incorrect. If the lemon absorbed wavelengths, it wouldn’t look yellow. The light must be reflected in order for it to reach the eye. b)The lemon might reflect only yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum. Correct.

The lemon reflects only yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum. c)The lemon absorbs red and blue wavelengths. d)The lemon reflects all wavelengths of light other than yellow. ANS: b, p. 87, C, LO=3. 5, (3) 75. The wavelength of the light reaching your eyes determines in part what ______ you see. a)brightness Incorrect. Brightness is determined in part by stimulus intensity. Wavelength determines hue. b)saturation c)hue Correct. Wavelength determines hue. d)fine detail ANS: c, p. 87, F, LO=3. 5, (1) The Hearing Sense: Can You Hear Me Now? Learning Objective 3. 6- What is sound? 6. Sound waves are simply ___________. a) the vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us Correct. Sound waves are simply the vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us. b) the impact of acoustrons in the air Incorrect. There are no basic particles of sound analogous to photons. Sound does not have the problem of a dual nature of wave and particle as does light. Thus, there are no such particles as acoustrons. Sound waves are simply the vibration of the molecules of the air surrounding us. c) a form of electronic radiation d) none of these ANS: a, p. 95, F, LO=3. 6, (1) 77.

Which of the following is a characteristic of both light waves and sound waves? a)hue Incorrect. Hue is a particular descriptor of light and color. Pitch is analogous in the sound domain. The terms are used separately. b)decibels c)amplitude d)wavelength Correct. Wavelength is the common characteristic of both light waves and sound waves. ANS: d, p. 95, C, LO=3. 6, (3) 78. A sound mixer is impressed by the new equipment that was just installed in his recording studio. He says that now he will be able to help singers and musicians produce better CDs because he can eliminate unneeded and undesired wavelengths.

What term describes the characteristic of sounds waves that the sound mixer is now able to alter? a)volleying Incorrect. Volleying is the term for what happens when frequencies are above 100 Hz and auditory neurons take turns firing. b)amplitude c)frequency Correct. Frequency is the characteristic of sound waves associated with wavelengths. d)saturation ANS: c, p. 96, A, LO=3. 6, (3) 79. Which of the following properties of sound is the most similar to the brightness of light? a) pitch b) loudness Correct. Loudness is the most similar to brightness and is based on the intensity of the stimulus. c) purity

Incorrect. Purity is most related to saturation in the light domain. In both cases, it refers to the total amount of different wavelengths, or frequencies, in the stimulus. d) timbre ANS: b, p. 95, C, LO=3. 6, (2) 80. Which of the following properties of sound would be the most similar to the color, or hue, of light? a) pitch Correct. Pitch relates to sound wavelengths, and color relates to light wavelengths. b) loudness Incorrect. Pitch is the property of sound most similar to the color, or hue, of light. c) timbre d) purity ANS: a, p. 95, C, LO=3. 6, (2) SG 81. An alien from outer space was just captured.

Scientists take turns examining the creature. At a press conference, one of the scientists reports that the alien can hear frequencies between 10,000 and 30,000 Hz. How does the alien’s ability to detect sound compare to a human being’s ability? a) The alien and humans detect the same frequencies. Incorrect. Although the alien can detect higher frequencies, its hearing is not as acute at lower frequencies. Humans can hear a range between 20 to 20,000 Hz. b) Humans can detect higher frequencies than the alien. c) The alien can detect higher frequencies, but its hearing is not as acute at lower frequencies. Correct.

Although the alien can hear frequencies 10,000 Hz above what humans can hear, it cannot hear frequencies below 10,000 Hz, while humans can. d) Humans can detect higher frequencies; however, the alien detects lower frequencies better than humans. ANS: c, p. 96, A, LO=3. 6, (3) Learning Objective 3. 7- How do the parts of the ear work together to hear sound? 82. What is the basic function of the outer ear? a)to protect the hair cells Incorrect. The hair cells are in the inner ear and, thus, do not need protection from the outer ear. The basic function of the outer ear is to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum. )to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum Correct. The basic function of the outer ear is to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum. Enough energy must be collected to eventually move the liquid in the cochlea and stimulate the hair cells. c)to amplify low-intensity sounds to detectable levels d)to filter out high-intensity sounds waves that can be harmful ANS: b, p. 96, C, LO=3. 7, (2) 83. The eardrum is also called the ____________________. a) bass fiddler membrane b) oval window Incorrect. The oval window is later in the system and is attached to the cochlea. The eardrum is also called the tympanic membrane. ) tympanic membrane Correct. The eardrum is also called the tympanic membrane. It transmits vibrations through the bones of the middle ear to the oval window. d) cochlea ANS: c, p. 96, C, LO=3. 7, (2) 84. Which of the following describes what happens if you trace an auditory stimulus from the time it first reaches the ear until it arrives at the brain? a)The outer ear (pinna) gathers sound waves and funnels them down the auditory canal striking the eardrum. Correct. The outer ear serves as a sort of funnel to concentrate sound energy. b)The basilar membrane causes the hammer, anvil, and stirrup to vibrate striking the oval window.

Incorrect. The basilar membrane is inside the inner ear, and the bones cause it to vibrate, not vice versa. The outer ear serves as a sort of funnel to concentrate sound energy. c)The auditory cones respond to the various tonal frequencies, which lead the auditory nerve to send a message to the brain. d)The auditory nerve joins with the nasal nerve to produce an input to the olfactory lobe. ANS: a, p. 96–97, C, LO=3. 7, (3) 85. The bone that is attached to the eardrum is called the _______; the bone that is connected to the oval window is called the ________. a)anvil (incus); stirrup (stapes) )hammer (malleus); anvil (incus) Incorrect. The bone that is attached to the eardrum is called the hammer; the bone that is connected to the oval window is called the stirrup. c)stirrup (stapes); hammer (malleus) d)hammer (malleus); stirrup (stapes) Correct. The bone that is attached to the eardrum is called the hammer; the bone that is connected to the oval window is called the stirrup. ANS: d, p. 97, C, LO=3. 7, (3) 86. Fluid located in the cochlea is set in motion and causes vibration in the _________. a)ossicles Incorrect. The ossicles are the bones of the middle ear that cause the vibrations in the basilar membrane.

Fluid from the cochlea causes vibrations in the basilar membrane. b)bipolar cells c)basilar membrane Correct. Fluid from the cochlea causes vibrations in the basilar membrane. d)semicircular canals ANS: c, p. 96, F, LO=3. 7, (3) 87. Which of the following are the auditory receptors where sound waves finally become neural impulses? a)hair cells Correct. The hair cells are the receptors where sound waves finally become neural impulses. b)organs of Corti c)basilar membranes d)tectorial membranes Incorrect. The tectorial membranes are support structures. The hair cells are the receptors. ANS: a, p. 97, F, LO=3. 7, (3) 88.

What are the hammer, anvil, and stirrup? a)tiny bones located in the middle ear Correct. The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are tiny bones in the middle ear. b)types of cones on the retina c)types of sound that most people can detect Incorrect. The hammer, anvil, and stirrup are tiny bones in the middle ear. d)words often used by audiologists in testing for hearing difficulties ANS: a, p. 97, F, LO=3. 7, (2) 89. The outer ear is called the _______________. a) pinna Correct. The outer ear is called the pinna. b) oval window c) tympanic membrane d) cochlea Incorrect. The cochlea is the snail-like organ in the inner ear.

The outer ear is called the pinna. ANS: a, p. 96, F, LO=3. 7, (1) 90. The place theory of pitch was suggested by __________. a)Helmholtz Correct. Helmholtz suggested the theory of pitch. b)Hering c)Wald d)Rutherford Incorrect. Rutherford suggested the frequency theory. Helmholtz suggested the theory of pitch. ANS: a, p. 98, F, LO=3. 7, (3) 91. The place theory of pitch suggests that pitch is determined by the __________. a)specific hair cells that are stimulated Correct. The place theory of pitch suggests that pitch is determined by the specific hair cells that are stimulated. b)number of hair cells that are stimulated Incorrect.

The place theory of pitch suggests that pitch is determined by the specific hair cells that are stimulated. c)size of the hair cells that are stimulated d)degree of bend in the stimulated hair cells ANS: a, p. 98, F, LO=3. 7, (3) 92. If a person hears a tone of 300 Hz, three groups of neurons take turns sending the message to the brain—the first group for the first 100 Hz, the second group for the next 100 Hz, and a third for the next 100 Hz. This principle is known as the _________________. a)place theory Incorrect. The place theory proposes that the pitch a person hears depends on where the stimulated hair cells are located. )volley theory Correct. The volley theory proposes that three groups of neurons take turns sending the message to the brain. c)frequency theory d)rotational theory ANS: b, p. 98, F, LO=3. 7, (2) 93. Which theory proposes that, above 100 Hz but below 1,000 Hz, auditory neurons do not fire all at once but in rotation? a)place theory Incorrect. The place theory proposes that the pitch a person hears depends on where the stimulated hair cells are located. b)volley theory Correct. The volley theory proposes that, above 100 Hz but below 1,000 Hz,auditory neurons do not fire all at once but in rotation. c)frequency theory )rotational theory ANS: c, p. 98, F, LO=3. 7, (2) SG Learning Objective 3. 8- What is a hearing impairment? 94. Nerve hearing impairment can be best treated with _______________. a)normal sound-amplifying hearings aids Incorrect. Cochlear implants would best help nerve hearing impairment. b)drug treatments that regrow hair cells c)classical conditioning to very low sounds d)cochlear implants Correct. Cochlear implants would best help nerve hearing impairment because they allow sound to bypass the outer and middle ear and send signals from a microphone worn behind the ear to electrodes implanted directly into the brain.

ANS: d, p. 99, F, LO=3. 8, (2) 95. Cochlear implants bypass the ______________. a)outer ear b)outer and middle ear Correct. Cochlear implants bypass the outer and middle ear as they hook into the auditory nerve after the cochlea in the inner ear. c)outer, middle, and inner ear Incorrect. They work in the inner ear. d)none of the above ANS: b, p. 99, F, LO=3. 8, (2) SG 96. Conduction deafness refers to hearing problems that originate in the ____________. a)outer ear Incorrect. Conduction deafness refers to hearing problems that originate in the outer and middle ear. b)inner ear c)outer and middle ear Correct.

Conduction deafness refers to hearing problems that originate in the outer and middle ear. d)auditory pathways and brain ANS: c, p. 98, F, LO=3. 8, (2) 97. Which type of hearing problem can be reduced with ordinary hearing aids? a)central deafness b)conduction deafness Correct. Conduction deafness can be reduced with ordinary hearing aids. c)sensory-neural deafness d)auditory pathway deafness Incorrect. There is no such term as auditory pathway deafness. Conduction deafness can be reduced with ordinary hearing aids. ANS: b, p. 98, F, LO=3. 8, (2) 98. In nerve hearing impairment, the problem lies in______________. ) either the inner ear or the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain Correct. In nerve hearing impairment, the problem lies either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain. b) the outer or middle ear Incorrect. In nerve hearing impairment, the problem lies either in the inner ear or in the auditory pathways and cortical areas of the brain. c) the pontine nucleus d) the occipital lobe ANS: a, p. 99, F, LO=3. 8, (3) Learning Objective 3. 9- What can be done to help people with a hearing impairment? Chemical Senses: It Tastes Good, but It Smells Terrible

Learning Objective 3. 10- How do the senses of taste and smell work? 99. Laverne looks at the tongue of her friend and sees all kinds of bumps on her tongue. “Girl,” she says, “you sure have a lot of _____________. ” a) olfactory receptors b) taste buds Incorrect. The “bumps” on the tongue that are visible to the eye are the papillae. c) papillae Correct. The “bumps” on the tongue that are visible to the eye are the papillae. d) taste receptors ANS: c, p. 101, F, LO=3. 10, (1) 100. A person can have between ____________ taste buds in his or her mouth. a)100 to 1,000 Incorrect. This estimate is too low.

A person might have between 500 to 10,000 taste buds in his or her mouth. b)20,000 to 50,000 c)6,000,000 to 120,000,000 d)500 to 10,000 Correct. The average person has between 500 to 10,000 taste buds. ANS: d, p. 101, F, LO=3. 10, (3) 101. Our sense of taste works best when food molecules are _________. a)dissolved in salvia in our mouths Correct. Our sense of taste works best when food molecules are dissolved in a liquid solution. b)chewed in the absence of saliva Incorrect. Our sense of taste works best when food molecules are dissolved in a liquid solution. c)combined so that four basic tastes are present )presented in pure form so that only one basic taste is involved ANS: a, p. 101, C, LO=3. 10, (2) 102. Maricella always uses less seasoning on her food than do the other members of her family. Her sister has just taken an introductory psychology course and says to Maricella, ________ a)“I know what you are – you are a taster pro. ” b)“I know what you are – you are a taster queen. ” c)“I know what you are – you are a supertaster. ” Correct. Someone who is more sensitive to taste than others is called a supertaster. d)“I know what you are – you are a Gustavus Adolphus. ” Incorrect.

Someone who is more sensitive to taste than others is called a supertaster. ANS: c, p. 101, A, LO=3. 10, (2) 103. Approximately how many taste receptors are located on each taste bud? a)2 Incorrect. There are about 20 taste receptors located on each taste bud. b)20 Correct. There are about 20 taste receptors located on each taste bud. c)50 d)500 ANS: b, p. 101, F, LO=3. 10, (3) 104. Where are the taste receptors located? a) on the papillae Incorrect. The taste buds are found on the papillae. The taste receptors are located on the taste buds. b)on the taste buds Correct. The taste receptors are located on the taste buds. )on the microvilli d)in the gustatory bulb ANS: b, p. 101, F, LO=3. 10, (2) 105. What is the approximate life expectancy of individual taste receptor cells? a)1–2 days b)10–14 days Correct. The approximate life expectancy of individual taste receptor cells is 10–14 days. c)1–2 months d)1 year Incorrect. The approximate life expectancy of individual taste receptor cells is 10–14 days. ANS: b, p. 102, F, LO=3. 10, (3) 106. What are the five primary tastes? a)hot, sour, spicy, sweet, origami b)salty, sour, spicy, sweet, tart Incorrect. Tart is not one of the five primary tastes. The five are bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami. )bitter, salty, sour, sweet, umami Correct. The five primary tastes are bitter, salty, sour, sweet, and umami. d)peppery, salty, sour, sweet, acidic ANS: c, p. 102, F, LO=3. 10, (3) 107. Which is the newest of the five basic tastes to be discovered? a) bitter b) sour Incorrect. Umami is the newest taste to be discovered. c) sweet d) umami or brothy Correct. Umami, or brothy, is the newest taste to be discovered. ANS: d, p. 102, F, LO=3. 10, (3) 108. The human olfactory system contains about ______________ olfactory receptors. a)100,000 b)1,000,000 c)10,000,000 Correct. The human olfactory system contains about 10,000,000 receptors. )100,000,000 Incorrect. The human olfactory system contains about 10,000,000 receptors. ANS: c, p. 103, F, LO=3. 10, (3) 109. Each olfactory receptor cell has a half dozen to a dozen little hairs that project out. These are called ______________. a)olfactory cones b)olfactory rods c)olfactory buds Incorrect. The hairs that project out of olfactory cells are called cilia. d)cilia Correct. The hairs that project out of olfactory cells are called cilia. ANS: d, p. 103, F, LO=3. 10, (1) 110. The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds in that they______________. a)respond to various wavelengths of smell )contain pressure-sensitive elements that detect certain molecules c)contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules Correct. The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds as they contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules. d)only respond to five basic smells Incorrect. The cilia in the nasal cavity act in a manner similar to taste buds as they contain receptor sites that are stimulated by different molecules. ANS: c, p. 103, C, LO=3. 10, (3) 111. An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to _____________. a) olfactory bulb Correct.

An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to the olfactory bulb. b) thalamus c) amygdala d) pons Incorrect. An olfactory stimulus travels from the receptor to the olfactory bulb. ANS: a, p. 104, F, LO=3. 10, (3) SG 112. The sense of smell is also known as __________. a)olfaction Correct. The sense of smell is also known as olfaction. b)the salivary sense c)chemical infarctation d)gustation Incorrect. Gustation is the word for the sense of taste. ANS: a, p. 103, F, LO=3. 10, (1) 113. After some time has passed, you can no longer smell the odor of the onions that your mother used in cooking dinner. Which is the most likely reason for this? ) The odor has chemically deteriorated. Incorrect. Most likely the odor is still there, but you can no longer smell it because you’ve habituated to it. b) You’ve habituated to the smell, even though it’s still there. Correct. You’ve habituated to the smell, even though it’s still there. c) Your olfactory bulb fell asleep. d) You fell asleep. ANS: b, p. 104, C, LO=3. 10, (2) Somesthetic Senses: What Our Bodies Know Learning Objective 3. 11- How does the sense of touch work, and what happens when people experience pain? 114. Which is the best description of the kinesthetic sense? a)It has to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. ) It has to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. Correct. The kinesthetic sense has to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. c)It has to do with movement and body position. Incorrect. The kinesthetic sense has to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. d)It has to do with your location as compared to the position of the sun. ANS: b, p. 104, F, LO=3. 11, (2) 115. Which is the best description of the skin senses? a)They have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. Correct.

Skin senses have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. b) They have to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. Incorrect. The kinesthetic senses are concerned with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. Skin senses have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. c)They have to do with movement and body position. d)They have to do with your location as compared to the position of the sun. ANS: a, p. 104, F, LO=3. 11, (2) 116. There is (are) _____________ somesthetic sense system(s). a)one b)two c)three Correct.

There are three somesthetic sense systems. d)four Incorrect. There are only three somesthetic sense systems. ANS: c, p. 104, F, LO=3. 11, (3) 117. The skin senses are concerned with ______________. a) touch, pressure, temperature, and pain Correct. The skin senses are concerned with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. b) the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other c) movement and body position d) your location as compared to the position of the sun Incorrect. There is no sense that compares your location to the position of the sun. The skin senses are concerned with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.

ANS: a, p. 104, F, LO=3. 11, (2) 118. The kinesthetic senses are concerned with ______________. a) touch, pressure, temperature, and pain Incorrect. Skin senses have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. The kinesthetic senses are concerned with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. b) the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other Correct. The kinesthetic senses are concerned with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. c) movement and body position d) your location as compared to the position of the sun

ANS: b, p. 104, F, LO=3. 11, (2) 119. The vestibular senses are concerned with ________________. a) touch, pressure, temperature, and pain b) the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other Incorrect. The kinesthetic senses are concerned with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. The vestibular senses are concerned with movement and body position. c) movement and body position Correct. The vestibular senses are concerned with movement and body position. d) your location as compared to the position of the sun ANS: c, p. 104, F, LO=3. 11, (2) 120.

The average person’s skin is about ________. a). 10 square feet in size b)20 square feet in size Correct. The average person’s skin is about 20 square feet in size. c)30 square feet in size d)40 square feet in size Incorrect. The average person’s skin is about 20 square feet in size. ANS: b, p. 104, F, LO=3. 11, (2) 121. Hair follicle nerve endings respond to _____________. a)temperature alone b)pain and touch Correct. Hair follicle nerve endings respond to pain and touch. c)only pain Incorrect. Hair follicle nerve endings respond to both pain and touch. d)temperature and pain ANS: b, p. 104, F, LO=3. 1, (1) 122. Which skin receptors respond only to pressure? a) Pacinian corpuscles Correct. Pacinian corpuscles respond only to pressure. b) hair follicle nerve endings c) free nerve endings Incorrect. Free nerve endings respond to pain and temperature as well as pressure. Pacinian corpuscles respond only to pressure. d) visceral corpuscles ANS: a, p. 104, F, LO=3. 11, (3) 123. Which is the best description of the vestibular senses? a)They have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain. b) They have to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. Incorrect.

The kinesthetic senses are concerned with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other. Vestibular senses have to do with movement and body position. c)They have to do with movement and body position. Correct. Vestibular senses have to do with movement and body position. d)They have to do with your location as compared to the position of the sun. ANS: c, p. 104, F LO=3. 11, (2) SG 124. The receptors that detect pain (and pressure) in the organs are called ___________. a) visceral receptors Incorrect. Visceral is the word for the type of pain experienced in the organs.

The receptors that detect visceral pain are called proprioceptive receptors. b) somatic receptors c) proprioceptive receptors Correct. The receptors that detect pain in the organs are called proprioceptive receptors. d) free nerve endings ANS: c, p. 105, F, LO=3. 11, (2) 125. The idea that pain signals must pass through a type of “doorway” in the spinal cord is referred to as the ______________. a)opponent-process theory of pain b)revolving door theory of pain Incorrect. There is no such thing as the revolving door theory of pain. The gate-control theory is based on the concept of a doorway in the spinal cord. . substance P theory of pain d. gate-control theory of pain Correct. The gate-control theory is based on the concept of a doorway in the spinal cord. ANS: d, p. 105, C, LO=3. 11, (3) 126. The gate-control theory of pain suggests that ___________. a)the pain signals must pass through a kind of “gate” located in the spinal cord Correct. The gate-control theory is based on the idea that the pain signals must pass through a kind of “gate” located in the spinal cord. b)the skin receptors act as a gate for the pain sensation c)the cortex blocks pain unless released by substance P )the gate is a physical structure that blocks pain signals Incorrect. The gate-control theory is based on the idea that the pain signals must pass through a kind of “gate” in the spinal cord that is not an actual physical structure. ANS: a, p. 105, F, LO=3. 11, (3) 127. You hit yourself with a hammer and later suffer a deep ache. This is an example of ______________. a) somatic pain Correct. Somatic pain can be sharp and fast, but it can also be an ongoing general ache that keeps people from further injury by reminding them that the body has already been damaged. b) visceral pain c) pressure pain Incorrect.

There is no such term as pressure pain. d) free-standing pain ANS: a, p. 105, A, LO=3. 11, (2) 128. Pain sensations in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that are carried on large nerve fibers are called ______________. a) visceral pain Incorrect. Visceral pain is the pain one feels in the organs. Pain sensations in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that are carried on large nerve fibers are called somatic pain. b) somatic pain Correct. Pain sensations in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that are carried on large nerve fibers are called somatic pain. c) referred pain d) indigenous pain

ANS: b, p. 105, F, LO=3. 11, (2) 129. Psychological aspects of pain perception can influence the release of the neurotransmitters called ____________, the body’s natural version of morphine. a) endorphins Correct. Psychological aspects of pain perception can influence the release of the neurotransmitters called endorphins. b) substance P Incorrect. Substance P is a chemical released into the spinal cord as a result of stimulation of the pain receptor cells. Psychological aspects of pain perception can influence the release of the neurotransmitters called endorphins. c) serotonin d) acetylcholine

ANS: a, p. 106, F, LO=3. 11, (2) 130. Endorphins are the neural transmitters that _____________. a)control your muscles b)generate pain sensations Incorrect. Endorphins act as a natural version of morphine. c)act as a natural version of morphine Correct. Endorphins act as a natural version of morphine. d)excite the ventral horn of the spinal cord ANS: c, p. 106, F, LO=3. 11, (2) Learning Objective 3. 12- What sense allows the body to know how it is moving and when it is balanced? 131. Proprioceptors signal ________________. a) somatic pain Incorrect. Somatic pain is carried on nerve fibers.

Proprioceptors signal visceral pain (from the organs) as well as the location of our body parts in space. b) skin sensations c) olfactory sensations d) the location of our body parts in space Correct. Proprioceptors signal to the brain the location of our body parts in space. ANS: d, p. 106, F, LO=3. 12, (2) 132. The reason that there are three semicircular canals is so that ______________. a) we have one canal to sense motion in each of the three planes Correct. The reason is that we have one canal to sense motion in each of the three planes. b) we can see the world in three dimensions ) we can detect sound locations in the three-dimensional world d) we have an extra if one is broken Incorrect. The reason is that we have one canal to sense motion in each of the three planes. ANS: a, p. 107, C, LO=3. 12, (3) 133. Dizziness, nausea, and disorientation may result if the information from the eyes conflicts a little too much with that from the vestibular organs, according to the _________ of motion sickness. a)sensory conflict theory Correct. The sensory conflict theory says there may be conflict between the eyes and vestibular system. b)motor conflict theory c)vestibular conflict theory

Incorrect. There is no such theory as the vestibular conflict theory. The sensory conflict theory says there may be conflict between the eyes and vestibular system. d. semicircular canal conflict theory ANS: a, p. 107, F, LO=3. 12, (2) 134. Which is the BEST explanation of why we tend to get nauseated when riding in a moving vehicle? a)the conflict between vision and the vestibular organs Incorrect. T