Psychology-Ch. 4 Sleep and Dreams

are periodic physiological fluctuations in the body.

We are unaware of most _______, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decelerated cycles of brain activity, but they can influence our behavior.

These rhythms are controlled by biological clocks, which include annual or seasonal cycles such as the migration of birds and the hibernation of bears, and 24-hour cycles such as the sleep/wake cycle and temperature changes in the human body.

are daily behavioral or physiological cycles.

involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level

body temperature fluctuates about 3 degrees Fahrenheit in a 24-hour day, peaking in the afternoon and reaching its lowest point between 2 A.M. and 5 A.M. EXAMPLE OF?

Researchers have discovered that the body monitors the change from day to night by means of the……

a small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark

Output from the ______allows the hypothalamus to regulate daily rhythms such as temperature and hunger and the reticular formation to regulate daily rhythms of sleep and wakefulness

Although a number of biological clocks seem to be involved in regulating circadian rhythms, researchers have found that the _______ is the most important

is located in the hypothalamus.

It receives information from the retina about light, which is the external stimulus that synchronizes it.

Output from the ____ is distributed to the rest of the hypothalamus and to the reticular formation.

Many individuals who are totally blind experience lifelong sleeping problems because their retinas cannot detect light. These people have a kind of permanent jet lag and periodic insomnia because their ______ often do not follow a 24-hour cycle

Biological clocks can become ___, or thrown off their regular schedules.

The important benefits of sleep include……

In support of the restorative function of sleep, many of the body’s cells show increased production and reduced breakdown of proteins during …….

neuroscientists recently have argued that _____enhances synaptic connections between neurons

_____ coincides with the release of growth hormone in children.

The lack of sleep is ____, and ____ hormones may interfere with the creation of neurons in the hippocampus, the part of the brain most associated with memory

When deprived of sleep, people have trouble…..

Studies have shown that sleep deprivation decreased brain activity in the_____and the ______and reduced the complexity of brain activity. The tired brain must compensate by using different pathways or alternative neural networks when thinking

Stages of sleep correspond to massive _____changes that occur throughout the brain as the fast, irregular, and low-amplitude electrical activity of wakefulness is replaced by the slow, regular, high-amplitude waves of deep sleep.

Using the _______ to monitor the brain’s electrical activity, scientists have identified two stages of wakefulness and five stages of sleep.

When people are awake, their EEG patterns exhibit two types of waves?

EEG patterns exhibit which type of wave that reflect concentration and alertness?

EEG patterns exhibit These waves at highest in frequency and lowest in amplitude?

which type of waves go up and down a great deal, but they do not have very high peaks or very low ebbs?

which type of wave are more desynchronous than other waves?

means they do not form a very consistent pattern

Inconsistent patterning makes sense given the extensive variation in sensory input and activities we experience when we are……

When we are relaxed but still awake, our brain waves _____, increase in _____, and become more ______, or regular.

The waves, associated with relaxation or drowsiness, are called?

The five stages of sleep are differentiated by the types of ________-detected with an EEG, and the depth of sleep varies from one stage to another

Sleep Stages: WHICH STAGE? characterized by drowsy sleep.

Sleep Stages: WHICH STAGE? In this stage, the person may experience sudden muscle movements called myoclonic jerks.

Sleep Stages: WHICH STAGE? EEGs of individuals in this stage are characterized by theta waves, which are even slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves.

Sleep Stages: WHICH STAGE? muscle activity decreases, and the person is no longer consciously aware of the environment.

Sleep Stages: WHICH STAGE? Theta waves continue but are interspersed with a defining characteristic CALLED sleep spindles

These involve a sudden increase in wave frequency DURING THETA WAVES

Sleep Stages: WHICH TWO STAGES? are both relatively light stages of sleep, and if people awaken during one of these stages, they often report not having been asleep at all.

Sleep Stages: WHICH TWO STAGES? are characterized by delta waves, the slowest and highest-amplitude brain waves during sleep.

Sleep Stages: WHICH TWO STAGES? These two stages are often referred to as delta sleep.

Sleep Stages: Distinguishing between THESE 2 STAGES is difficult typically stage _____ is characterized by delta waves occurring less than 50 percent of the time and _____- by delta waves occurring more than 50 percent of the time.

Sleep Stages: WHICH TWO STAGES? is our deepest sleep, the time when our brain waves are least like waking brain waves.

Sleep Stages: WHICH TWO STAGES? It is during this type of sleep that it is the most difficult to wake sleepers.

Sleep Stages: WHICH TWO STAGES? the stage when bed wetting (in children), sleep walking, and sleep talking occur.

Sleep Stages: WHICH TWO STAGES? When awakened during this stage, people usually are confused and disoriented.

After going through stages 1-4, sleepers drift up through the sleep stages toward wakefulness. Instead of reentering stage 1, however, they enter ……….

Sleep Stages: WHICH STAGE? a different form of sleep called REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

Sleep Stages: WHICH STAGE? is an active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs.

Sleep Stages: WHICH STAGE? The EEG pattern for______sleep shows fast waves similar to those of relaxed wakefulness, and the sleeper’s eyeballs move up and down and from left to right

Sleep Stages: WHICH STAGE? During ______sleep, your eyes move rapidly, as if following the images moving in your dreams.

Specialists refer to stages 1-4 as________ which is characterized by a lack of rapid eye movement and little dreaming.

A person who is awakened during_____ sleep is more likely to report having dreamed than when awakened at any other stage

Even people who claim they rarely dream frequently report dreaming when they are awakened during _____ sleep.

The longer the period of _______ sleep, the more likely the person will report dreaming.

Dreams also occur during ________ or ___ sleep, but the frequency of dreams in these stages is relatively low and we are less likely to remember these dreams.

Reports of dreaming by individuals awakened from ______ sleep are typically longer, more vivid, more physically active, more emotionally charged, and less related to waking life than reports by those awakened from _____sleep

___-sleep also likely plays a role in memory

The five sleep stages are associated with distinct patterns of _________activity initiated in the reticular formation, the core of the brain stem.

In all vertebrates, the ________ plays a crucial role in sleep and arousal

damage to the_______ can result in coma and death.

Three important neurotransmitters involved in sleep are …….

As sleep begins, the levels of neurotransmitters sent to the forebrain from the reticular formation start _____, and they continue to do so until they reach their lowest levels during the deepest sleep stage—stage 4

REM sleep (stage 5) is initiated by a rise in _____, which activates the cerebral cortex while the rest of the brain remains relatively inactive.

REM sleep ends when there is a rise in ____ and ______, which increase the level of forebrain activity nearly to the awakened state

You are most likely to wake up just after a _____period. If you do not wake up then, the level of the neurotransmitters ______ again, and you enter another sleep cycle.

Neurons that control sleep interact closely with the _____system

the inability to sleep

can involve a problem in falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early.

In the United States, as many as one in five adults have THIS SLEEP DISORDER, and it is more common among women and older adults, as well as individuals who are thin, stressed, or depressed

is the formal term for sleepwalking, which occurs during the deepest stages of sleep

For many years, experts believed that PEOPLE WITH THIS SLEEP DISORDER were acting out their dreams. However, it takes place during stages 3 and 4, usually early in the night, when a person is unlikely to be dreaming.

is a frightening dream that awakens a dreamer from REM sleep

This sleep disorder content invariably involves danger—the dreamer is chased, robbed, or thrown off a cliff.

Reported increases or worsening in THIS SLEEP DISORDER are often associated with an increase in life stressors such as the loss of a relative or a job and conflicts with others.

features sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear.

are accompanied by a number of physiological reactions, such as rapid heart rate and breathing, loud screams, heavy perspiration, and movement

unlike nightmares, they occur during slow-wave, non-REM sleep.

involves the sudden, overpowering urge to sleep.

The urge IN THIS SLEEP DISORDER is so uncontrollable that the person may fall asleep while talking or standing up.

PEOPLE WITH THIS SLEEP DISORDER immediately enter REM sleep rather than progressing through the first four sleep stages

PEOPLE WITH THIS SLEEP DISORDER are often extremely tired during the day.

THIS SLEEP DISORDER can be triggered by extreme emotional reactions, such as surprise, laughter, excitement, or anger.

PEOPLE WITH THIS SLEEP DISORDER ofter inherit it and Treatment usually involves prescribing stimulants as well as providing counseling to discover potential causes of the excessive sleepiness

is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly.

PEOPLE WITH THIS SLEEP DISORDER experience numerous brief awakenings during the night so that they can breathe better, although they usually are not aware of their awakened state.

During the day, PEOPLE WITH THIS SLEEP DISORDER may feel sleepy because they were deprived of sleep at night.

A common sign of THIS SLEEP DISORDER is loud snoring, punctuated by silence (the apnea).

THIS SLEEP DISORDER affects approximately 12 million Americans, most common among infants and adults over the age of 65 AND occurs more frequently among obese individuals, men, and individuals with large necks and recessed chins

THIS SLEEP DISORDER IF GONE UNTREATED can cause high blood pressure, stroke, and sexual dysfunction. In addition, the daytime sleepiness caused by it can result in accidents, lost productivity, and relationship problems

is commonly treated by weight loss programs, side sleeping, propping the head on a pillow, or wearing a device (called a CPAP for continuous positive airway pressure) that sends pressurized air through a mask that prevents the airway from collapsing.

He believed that dreams (even nightmares) symbolize unconscious wishes and that analysis of dream symbols could uncover our hidden desires.

Freud distinguished between a dream’s……

is the dream’s surface content, which contains dream symbols that disguise the dream’s true meaning;

is the dream’s hidden content, its unconscious—and true—meaning.

if a person had a dream about riding on a train and talking with a friend, the train ride would be the dream’s ____ content

Freud thought that this ____ content expresses a wish in disguised form.

Freud thought to get to the ____ content or true meaning of the dream, the person would have to analyze the dream images.

the dreamer would be asked to think of all the things that come to mind when the person thinks of a train, the friend, and so forth. By following these associations to the objects in the ___ content, the ___ content of the dream could be brought to light.

proposes that we can understand dreaming by applying the same cognitive concepts we use in studying the waking mind.

This theory rests on the idea that dreams are essentially subconscious cognitive processing.

This theory states there is little or no search for the hidden, symbolic content of dreams that Freud sought. Instead, dreams are viewed as dramatizations of general life concerns that are similar to relaxed daydreams.

This theory states Even very unusual aspects of dreams, such as odd activities, strange images, or sudden scene shifts, can be understood as metaphorically related to a person’s preoccupations while awake

theory that states dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain

theory that states Dreams result from the brain’s attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep

this theory states that When we are awake and alert, our conscious experience tends to be driven by external stimuli, all those things we see, hear, and respond to. During sleep, conscious experience is driven by internally generated stimuli that have no apparent behavioral consequence

believers in this theory have suggested that neural networks in other areas of the forebrain play a significant role in dreaming. Specifically, they believe that the same regions of the forebrain that are involved in certain waking behaviors also function in particular aspects of dreaming

are the periodic physiological fluctuations in the body.

are controlled by the body’s biological clock, which includes annual or seasonal cycles, twenty-eight-day cycles, and twenty-four-hour cycles.

is a daily behavioral or physiological cycle.

include the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar levels.

The process of the body’s changing from daytime to nighttime functioning is controlled by the…..

a small structure in the brain that synchronizes its own rhythm with the daily cycles of light and dusk, which is based on information from the retina.

Biological clocks can be ______ or put off their cycle by such things as jet travel, sometimes referred to as jet lag, but also by changing work shifts and insomnia.

With regard to jet lag and resetting one’s biological clock, it is a good idea to spend as much time as possible in the ___

______ can help reduce the effects of jet lag.

There are many important benefits to______, such as its ability to restore the body, promote adaptation, aid in growth, and improve memory.

____ is an important mechanism for survival.

For some animals, it is safer to search for food and water when it is dark outside. For other animals, however, _____ is a time to save energy and avoid being eaten and environmental hazards like falling off a cliff they cannot see.

Many of the body’s cells show increased production and reduced breakdown of proteins during ___ ___.

______ gives the neurons used while awake a time to shut down and repair themselves.

___ is related to the consolidation, storage, and maintenance of memories.

Lack of ____ affects attention, problem solving, and even moral judgment.

Research has shown that extreme ____ deprivation can cause hallucinations, as well as speech and movement problems.

According to a national survey, 63 percent of Americans ____ less than eight hours per night and 31 percent said they ____ less than seven hours a night.

___ ____can affect decision making.

is a measurable level of exhaustion from a cumulative lack of sleep.

According to research, adolescents_____ eight hours or less on school nights were more tired or sleepy and more cranky and irritable than those who slept more. They were also more likely to fall asleep in school, to be depressed, and to drink more caffeinated beverages than other adolescents who had adequate ____

Sleep patterns change for people once they enter the age range of _______. They go to bed earlier and wake up earlier.

Older adults, in their______ and older, tend to not sleep through the entire night.

is used to monitor the brain’s electrical activity, awake and asleep.

The _______ correspond to massive electrophysiological changes that occur throughout the brain as the fast, irregular, and low-amplitude electrical activity of wakefulness.

reflect the state of wakefulness. They are the highest in frequency, lowest in amplitude, and are more desynchronous.

reflect the state of relaxation but still one of wakefulness. They slow down, increase in amplitude, and are more synchronous.

The five stages of sleep are differentiated by corresponding types of _____patterns detected by EEGs.

WHICH STAGE? sleep is characterized by theta waves, which are slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves. This stage is characterized by myoclonic jerks (sudden muscle movements).

WHICH STAGE? sleep still has theta waves but also has sleep spindles, which involve a sudden increase in wave frequency.

WHICH TWO STAGES? sleep are characterized by delta waves, the slowest and highest-amplitude brain waves during sleep.

As a person goes through sleep stages 1-4, he or she drifts back up toward wakefulness but does not reach stage ____, Instead he or she enters stage ____

stands for rapid eye movement.

is an active stage of sleep in which dreaming occurs.

An EEG taken in ___ shows fast waves that resemble those of wakefulness.

The amount of time people spend in REM sleep throughout the night changes as they_____

One sleep cycle—the time spent going through the stages of sleep one time—lasts about _____minutes. The sleep cycles reoccur ___ times throughout a night.

The night’s first time in REM sleep lasts only about ____ minutes, but the final time in REM sleep may last about ____

The various sleep stages have associated with them neurotransmitters in the ______of the brain.

are the three important neurotransmitters involved in sleep.

A person is more likely to wake up after a period of …..

IF A PERSON DOES NOT WAKE UP AFTER REM SLEEP their level of neurotransmitters starts to _____ and the person enters another ____

Strokes and asthma attacks are more likely during the ____ and in the ______

is associated with obesity and heart disease.

may help the body conserve energy and other resources that the body needs during an infection.

is the inability to sleep.

It can involve having trouble falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up early in the morning.

Women are more likely to have trouble with THIS SLEEP DISORDER than men, probably as a result of iron deficiencies or hormonal changes.

For short-term ____, doctors usually prescribe sleeping pills.

For ___ sleep problems, practice good sleep hygiene: go to bed at the same time every day (even on weekends), set an alarm, avoid naps, sleep in a quiet place, and sleep in the dark.

is another term for sleepwalking.

SLEEP DISORDER THAT occurs during Stage 4 sleep, the deepest phase of sleep.

THOSE WITH THIS SLEEP DISORDER are sound asleep.

occurs in REM sleep, is defined as a frightening dream that awakens a person.

THIS SLEEP DISORDER peak for children between the ages of three and six years.

is characterized by a sudden arousal from sleep, accompanied by an intense fear.

THIS SLEEP DISORDER peak for children between the ages of five and seven years.

is an overpowering urge to sleep.

A PERSON WITH THIS SLEEP DISORDER may fall asleep while talking or standing up.

A PERSON WITH THIS SLEEP DISORDER goes directly into REM sleep when it occurs.

involves individuals who stop breathing during sleep.

People with this condition wake up many times during the night so they can breathe better, but they are usually not aware of it.

Sigmund Freud believed that dreams symbolize ____ wishes

Sigmund Freud believed that Dreams carry with them…..

Sigmund Freud believed that The story of the dream; a description of what happened in the dream. CALLED?

Sigmund Freud believed that The deeper or unconscious meaning of each symbol or item in the dream. CALLED?

states that dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts used to study the waking mind.

THIS THEORY BELIEVES THAT dreaming also involves information processing, memory, and problem solving.

THIS theory point of view BELIEVES THAT dreams are a state in which a person can solve problems and think creatively.

states that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes neural signals that are generated from activity in the lower part of the brain.

Neural networks in other areas of the forebrain play a role in dreaming. THIS THEORY IS CALLED?