Geographical Issues in the Amazon Rainforest

In this Report, there are two different points of views; Jair Bolsonaro point that supports the depletion of the Rainforest, while the other is against it. In the environmentalists and Jair Bolsonaro views; there are three main factors that come into play. How the political system is having a large impact on our rainforests. The use of grass roots in the rainforests, and finally how the environmentalists fear Jair Bolsonaro coming into leadership, because he said he wants to “change the destiny of brazil”.

Regarding how Jair Bolsonaro has said in the past that he doesn’t care for the rainforest and he wants to tear it down for mining and other prosperous opportunities. While this is Bolsonaro way of doing things, the environmentalists that have decided to study the rainforests in brazil. Have a very different perspective and or opinion on the matter. They would like to save the rainforest, along with all it has to offer. In the environmentalists opinions, the future of the environment, depends primarily upon how the citizens of the region change their styles of living to benefit the environmental issues at hand.

Environmental issues like the conservation such as the amazon rainforest is known as high class, leading to conflicts about whether to preserve the land and if any resource extraction can be done. All of these problems, and views have to do with the same thing how they either want to save the rainforest or exploit it.

In this article the perception, protection, and deforestation are the most important parts of it but there is also the backbone subjects like how it affects the indigenous population because of the new presidents views on how he should run the country of brazil.

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Leading the scientists to work harder to save the rainforests and all of the animals that have not yet become extinct. It will explain the views of the brazilian v.s the rest of the world and their views and how the scientists are trying to protect it but the new president is trying to destroy it bringing in the protection and the deforestation aspects. But it also ties into how the president the person helping to tear down the rainforest is also destroying the way that the indigenous people live in the amazon and that they can’t live when someone is trying to destroy it. Leading the scientists to need to come together to try and save it. It is also becoming harder to save the rainforest because of the upcoming events that have taken place due to climate change.

The views of people of the world and Brazil are very different since brazilian people are living in the country and have to deal with the problems that the amazon is facing on a daily basis, while on the other hand people from all around the world that don’t happen to live in brazil are a lot less affected and don’t seem to be acknowledging the problems that the amazon is facing,“This article examines contemporary representations of the Amazon with an eye to what is now changing, as well as why. It underscores the key role that these depictions play in shaping policy, which gives them an importance far transcending purely narrative concerns.”(Latin American Studies Association 2015). “The basic problem of tropical deforestation can be stated simply. Habitat destruction in the tropical rainforests is proceeding at an average annual rate of 100,000-200,000 [km.sup.2], an area the size of England.”(Latin American Studies Association 2015). Meaning we are losing habitats and species longer and faster than we can handle.“tropical forest habitats offer several classes of local and global values: hydrological, in preventing soil erosion and downstream siltation, and climatological, in maintaining local precipitation and the atmospheric balance of gases (Jacobs 1987, Katzman and Cale 1988). Rather than exhorting the inhabitants of tropical nations to cease and desist in deforestation, it is necessary to understand the underlying pattern of their material interests in order to alter their destructive behavior.” (Latin American Studies Association 2015). Showing how without forests climate change at this previous time would and could be alot worse because of all the things the trees and the rainforests do to help the earth beat at a steady pace like a heartbeat. Here is a map showing exactly how many habitats have been lost in the amazon throughout the past fifty years and how many of them there really was.

The protection of the amazon is a topic that in some people’s eyes shouldn’t be done like for example Jair Bolsonaro the new leader of the amazon, but others work very hard every day to try and preserve and save the rainforest because they believe its a good cause. Scientists believe that “The destruction of tropical forests, long a source of alarm to professional ecologists and environmental activists, has been of increasing public concern in Western industrial nations. Citizens of industrial nations often respond to the phenomenon of tropical deforestation with pedagogical or moral exhortation: If only we could explain the long-term consequences to the people of the tropics… If only tropical citizens could be more responsible (than we were).” meaning that the scientists believe that the industrial industry is very concerned with the problems happening in the amazon but they wish that the people causing the problems the tropical citizens would be more responsible and join the industrial nations and help fix the problem they have created. Scientists also say, “Whereas ecologists and environmentalists often view economics as an apology for environmental degradation, this article shows how economic analysis can provide useful insights into policies to protect specific rainforest habitats.” meaning that their main focus is on the conservation of the rainforest unlike the new president who wants to do nothing but make his coty better without considering the consequences of what he will be doing, unlike the environmentalists who are trying to change what humans are doing to the planet and find a solution to change the damage being done. The meaning of degradation is also very important for the process of saving the rainforest it means: “The wearing down of the land by the erosive action of water, wind, or ice. Chemistry the breakdown of an organic compound”(Dictionary.com). Showing that if degradation in the rainforest keeps continuing there will be an even bigger problem the rainforest will be facing then climate change such as degradation because the rainforest will and its soil will soon become unstable and not be able to hold all of the life forms and trees that is can hold today and the rainforest will then soon cease to exist.

The leading causes of the deforestation of the amazon rainforest are “In fact, deforestation is the result of innumerable individual decisions that are rational on a small scale (e.g., subsistence farming, ranching, or lumbering for profit), even though the consequences are irrational on the large scale (e.g., alteration of hydrological patterns, effects on global climate, or reduction of biodiversity). Any attempt to stanch tropical deforestation must recognize the economic basis of these decisions and change the incentive structure that generates them.Latin American Studies Association”(University of California Press, 1990). “Rather than exhorting the inhabitants of tropical nations to cease and desist in deforestation, it is necessary to understand the underlying pattern of their material interests in order to alter their destructive behavior. For analysis, we assume that tropical governments place no value on forest protection per se. Many tropical nations have, of course, formally established forest reserves (WRI 1988) in response to international concerns and alarms about ecological destruction sounded by native scholars (e.g., Santos 1980). We cannot assume, however, that the degree to which these reserves are actually protected fully reflects interests of the global population.”, “We can illustrate the diffuseness of gains to the industrial world with the case of timber from Southeast Asia, the region where deforestation for logging is most pronounced. The world’s three largest exporters–Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines–exported approximately $3 billion worth of timber during the 1980s (UNCTAD 1987). These sources account for approximately 12% of the imports of all wood products into advanced, industrial nations (OECD 1986).These trade figures inflate the importance of these exporters to the world’s supply. Total world production (and consumption) of industrial roundwood, sawn wood, and panels was approximately 2.1 billion cubic meters in the 1980s. Combined production of these materials in these three nations is only 85 million cubic meters, approximately 4% of the world supply (WRI 1988). If Southeast Asian wood exports were to decline by, say, half, the impact on the world wood supply system would be relatively small. Industrialized countries in East Asia would have to obtain wood supplies from nontropical sources, and the consumption of wood substitutes would rise.”

Brazil has just acquired a new president jair Bolsonaro that is going to change the whole dynamic of brazil, and no one knows if it is a good thing or a bad thing, but no one would have ever thought that brazil’s new president would have tried to destroy the amazon rainforest leading to the destruction of the indigenous population and residence throughout all of brazil. “In his acceptance speech, Brazil’s president-elect Jair Bolsonaro said he will ‘change the destiny of Brazil’. He may be right. For the Amazon and its indigenous residents, things will get worse before they get better, but this election may also be a tipping point for change. The staunchly anti-environment Bolsonaro may sow the seeds for radical environmental politics both in Brazil and worldwide.”(Athena Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd, 2018), the indigenous groups thought have said that they are scared for what the new president is gonna do and they say they have good reason for it. “a leader of the indigenous Gamela people in the heart of the Amazon, shared his fear of being an environmental defender in Brazil. His community had been trying to occupy a portion of their ancestral lands claimed by farmers but, in April this year, they were attacked by men armed with machetes and firearms. Some had their hands cut off. Others like Kumtum were shot.”(Athena Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd, 2018), leading to why the indigenous population is so scared about what the new president can do to the way they live right now. “Indigenous groups have good reason to be scared. Over the past decade, Brazil has been the most dangerous country in the world to be a land or environmental defender and 57 of these people were murdered last year alone. According to the NGO Global Witness”.(Athena Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd, 2018), showing that indeed the indigenous populations are in trouble due to what is going on with there country.

“This article examines three common generalizations from the literature on Latin American environmentalism. The validity of these generalizations, structured as hypotheses, is tested with four case studies from Costa Rica, Mexico, Venezuela, and Brazil. The first generalization is that tensions arise between international environmentalists principally concerned with wildlands conservation and national environmentalists. The second is that environmental groups in Latin America are elitist in structure and participant base. The third is that the particular tactics employed by environmentalists will be closely tied to the relative openness of their nation’s political system. Through a cross-disciplinary case study approach we find the first two hypotheses quickly break down upon closer inspection. The third is supported. We suggest a modified framework for interpreting environmental activism in the region, one that weighs the role of the state as well as the competing strategies employed by grassroots, private voluntary, and professionalized environmental groups.”