Caliban: The 'Savage' in Shakespeare's The Tempest

In the world of Shakespearean literature, the character of Caliban from “The Tempest” stands as a complex symbol of colonial narratives and the dichotomy of civilization and savagery. Introduced as a “savage” by Prospero, the play’s protagonist, Caliban is a figure around whom swirl numerous debates on imperialism, otherness, and the human condition.

Caliban, the son of the witch Sycorax and the only original inhabitant of the island, is often depicted as a primitive, deformed creature who is part human and part monster.

However, beneath this apparent savagery lies a character of profound complexity and depth.

Prospero’s portrayal of Caliban as a “savage” can be seen as a commentary on colonial perspectives. Caliban, representative of the ‘New World’ indigenous populations, is seen through the eyes of Prospero, the European colonizer, as uncivilized and monstrous. The dynamic between the two mirrors the historical narratives of European colonial powers and the indigenous people they colonized, with ‘civilizing the savage’ used as a justification for exploitation and control.

However, Caliban’s characterization goes beyond the mere stereotype of the uncouth savage. Despite his brutish exterior, he possesses a deep connection with the island’s natural environment, a trait typically associated with the ‘noble savage’ trope. His eloquent language, especially when speaking about the island’s beauty, further contrasts with the label of ‘savage’ thrust upon him.

In Act III, Scene II, Caliban’s speech about the island’s “sounds and sweet airs” showcases his intrinsic bond with the land and his capacity for profound thought and emotion.

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This inherent sensitivity and depth refute the simplistic label of ‘savage’ and raise questions about who the real ‘monsters’ in the play might be.

Moreover, Caliban’s rebellious spirit against Prospero’s authority underscores the power dynamics that persist throughout the play. His resistance can be interpreted as a protest against colonial oppression, marking him not as a savage, but as a symbol of resistance.

The introduction of other characters like Trinculo and Stephano adds another layer to the exploration of savagery. These characters, although from the ‘civilized’ world, display behavior that is arguably more barbaric and crude than Caliban’s, further blurring the lines between civilization and savagery.

In conclusion, the character of Caliban in Shakespeare’s “The Tempest” provides a profound commentary on the concepts of savagery and civilization. While initially presented as a ‘savage,’ Caliban’s complex personality, depth of emotion, and resistance to domination shatter this simplistic categorization. He stands as a compelling symbol of the inherent prejudices in colonial narratives and challenges the viewer to question the true meaning of civilization. Through Caliban, Shakespeare prompts us to reconsider who we label as ‘savage’ and why.